Problem: If sequence $ (a_n) $ has 10,-10 as partial limits and in addition $ \forall n \in \mathbb{N}.|a_{n+1} – a_n| \leq \frac{1}{n} $, then 0 is a partial limit of $ (a_n) $.
Answer (Proof): We need to show $ \forall \epsilon > 0 \forall N \in \mathbb{N} \exists n \geq N . | a_n| < \epsilon $.
Let $ \epsilon >0 $ and $ N \in \mathbb{N}$ be arbitrary. We know $ \frac{1}{n} \rightarrow 0 $, Hence there exists $ N_1 \in \mathbb{N}$ s.t. $ \forall n>N_1 . \frac{1}{n} < \epsilon $ . Since -10 is a partial limit then there exists $ n_1 \geq max \{ N, N_1 \} $ s.t. $ -1 < a_{n_1} – ( -10 ) < 1 $ , specifically $ a_{n_1} < -9 $ . Since 10 is also a partial limit, there exists $ n_2 > n_1 $ s.t. $ -1 < a_{n_2} – 10 < 1 $, specifically $ a_{n_2} > 9 $. Since $ a_{n_1} < 0 $ and $ a_{n_2} > 0 $ and also $ n_2 > n_1 $, $ \color{red}{ \text{there exists} } $ $ n_1 \leq n < n_2 $ $ \color{red}{ \text{s.t.} } $ $ a_n \leq 0 $ , $ a_{n+1} > 0 $.
In addition $ n \leq N_1 $, hence $ a_{n+1} < a_{n+1} – a_{n} = | a_{n+1} – a_{n} | \leq \frac{1}{n} < \epsilon $ and $ n+1 \geq N $, as we wanted.
My Difficulty: I understood everything up to the line "$ \color{red}{ \text{there exists} } $ $ n_1 \leq n < n_2 $ $ \color{red}{ \text{s.t.} } $ $ a_n \leq 0 $ , $ a_{n+1} >0 $. "
I don't understand why such an $ n $ exists s.t. it satisfies $ a_n \leq 0 $ , $ a_{n+1} >0 $. Do we get this $ n $ from some kind of instantiation here? ( Maybe from instantiation in the definition for the partial limits 10 & -10 ? )
Related: Prove $0$ is a partial limit of $a_n$ – In this linked thread first answer is virtually the same proof above here but my question remains the same because I have still don't understand from there why such an $ n $ exists.
Best Answer
You have an infinite number of values near -10 and another infinite number of values near 10. So pick one value near -10, pick a higher point in the sequence near 10. Since the step sizes are under $\frac 1 n$ between each term, the step sizes are smaller than 1, so the only way to get from the negative number (say at step 100) to the positive number (say at step 200) is by crossing 0 at some step in between. (For instance, it may occur at step 152 as the last negative before we go positive). Basically it's a variant concept of the intermediate value theorem.
We then get an infinite number of those terms, each of whom are within $\frac 1 n$ of $0$, so we get a third subsequence getting as close to 0 as you want.
Using your concept (And dropping the primes) first pick $\epsilon>0$. For simplicity, assume $\epsilon<1$, if you picked a bigger value it'll work for 1 also.
Now we know there's some $n_1'$ such that $|{a_n}_1-10|<\epsilon$ Now, using that as our new $N$, we know there is an $n_2$ such that $n_2>n_1$ and $|{a_n}_2+10|<\epsilon$
So since the first value is within 1 of 10 and the second is within 1 of -10, by transitivity we get that $$ a_{n_2}\leq -9\leq 9\leq a_{n_1} $$
Now, for simplicity, pick out a monotone decreasing subsequence within the values between $n_1$ and $n_2$, you can do so by just tossing out every value that is not less than the previous term. So now I have some monotone sequence of numbers $m_1=n_1$ through $m_r=n_2$ such that for $\forall s \text { s.t} 1\leq s<r, {a_m}_{s+1}<{a_m}_s$ Since we have ${a_m}_s-{a_m}_{s+1}<\frac 1 {m_s}$, the step size is always less than one. Since we are travelling a distance from greater than 9 to less than -9 monotonically in steps less than size 1, it takes us at least 18+ steps to get there. Since they are monotone, for some particular $s'$, $a_s'>0$,$a_{s+1}'<0$. These two points are within $\frac 1 {s'}$ of each other and are on either side of 0, so we get $|a_s'|<\frac 1 {s'}$.
That generated our first value near 0. Repeat ad infinitim to generate new terms closer and closer to 0, as the related $s'$ you find will all be higher numbers