Math History – Why Division is Done in Steps and Who Invented It

arithmeticmath-history

i know how to divide but i dont quit understand why we use those steps told in schools.
like for example

  ____
3/450    150  quotient
  3
 -----
  15 
  15
------
  000

could someone please tell me why we do these steps is there any other method or can someone explain why?

Best Answer

To solve $450\div 3$ we are asking how many groups of 3 there are in 450. The obvious way to solve this is to subtract groups of 3 from 450, one at a time, and count each group as it is subtracted. Thus:

    450
   -  3   
   ----
    447
   -  3   
   ----
    444
   -  3
   ----
    441
   -  3
    .
    .      (do this many many times)
    .
   ----
      6
   -  3
   ----
      3
   -  3
   ----
      0

We have to repeat this 150 times, after which the 450 has been reduced to 0. So the answer is that 450 contains 150 groups of 3.

It should be clear that there is an easy way to speed up this process: instead of removing a single group of 3 each time, we could remove 10 or even 100 groups of 3 at once. So for example:

    450
  - 300     (100 groups)
  -----
    150
  -  30     (10 groups)
  -----
    120
  -  30     (10 groups)
  -----
     90
  -  30     (10 groups)
  -----
     60
  -  30     (10 groups)
  -----
     30
  -  30     (10 groups)
  -----
      0

Here we have removed 150 groups of 3 as before, but instead of doing them one at a time, we removed 100 right away, and then five sets of 10 groups each, for a total of 150 groups.

We can abbreviate this further:

    -------
  3 ) 450

We begin by removing 100 groups of 3, as before:

      1
    -------
  3 ) 450
      300      (100 groups)
      ---
      150

Now we want to remove sets of 10 groups from 150. Removing a set of 10 groups of 3 will remove 30. Instead of removing the sets one at a time, we apply our knowledge of multiplication to see that 150 is big enough to remove 5 sets of 10 groups of 3, for a total of 150:

      15
    -------
  3 ) 450
      300      (100 groups)
      ---
      150
      150      (5 sets of 10 groups = 50 groups)
      ---
        0

Since the total has reached 0, we do not need to remove any single groups, so we fill in the final 0 in the answer:

      150
    -------
  3 ) 450
      300      (100 groups)
      ---
      150
      150      (5 sets of 10 groups = 50 groups)
      ---
        0

Added 2014-04-23: I learned today that my daughter is being explicitly taught this method in the fourth grade. The example she showed me was:

      --------
    7 )   182

Here, she said, you might happen to know that $7\times 20=140$, so you remove the 140 from the dividend:

      --------
    7 )   182 
        - 140     20
        -----
           42

Then perhaps you remember that $7\times 5 = 35$, so you remove the 35:

      --------
    7 )   182 
        - 140     20
        -----
           42
        -  35      5
        -----
            7

Then you remove the remaining 7:

      --------
    7 )   182 
        - 140     20
        -----
           42
        -  35      5
        -----
            7
         -  7      1
        -----
            0

The remainder is now 0, so you add the right-hand column, $20+5+1$, to obtain the quotient 26.

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