The following proof that any artinian ring $R$ has $\text{dim}(R)=0$ is from Theorem 8.1 of Atiyah Macdonald:
Let $\frak{p}$ be a prime ideal of $R$, so that $S=R/\frak{p}$ is an artinian domain (this is because any infinite descending chain of ideals in $S$ could be lifted to an infinite descending chain of ideals in $R$, so because $R$ is artinian, $S$ must be artinian too). For any non-zero $x\in S$, we must have that $(x^n)=(x^{n+1})$ for some $n$ (this is because $S$ is artinian, so we can't have an infinite descending chain $S\supset (x)\supset (x^2)\supset\cdots$), hence $x^n=x^{n+1}y$ for some $y\in S$, but because $S$ is a domain, we can cancel to get $1=xy$, hence $x$ is invertible. Any non-zero element of $S$ is invertible, hence $S=R/\frak{p}$ is a field, hence $\frak{p}$ is maximal. Because any prime ideal of $R$ is maximal, we must have that $\text{dim}(R)=0$.
Theorem 8.5 of Atiyah Macdonald says that $R$ is artinian $\iff$ $R$ is noetherian and $\text{dim}(R)=0$.
So here is an example of a ring $R$ with $\text{dim}(R)=0$ but $R$ not noetherian, and hence not artinian:
$$R=k[x_1,x_2,\ldots]/(x_1,x_2,\ldots)^2\cong k[\epsilon_1,\epsilon_2,\ldots]$$
which is a field $k$ with infinitely many nilpotent elements $\epsilon_i$ added in. There's only one prime ideal of $k$, namely the zero ideal, and nilpotents won't change that, so the ideal $(\epsilon_1,\epsilon_2,\ldots)$ is the only prime ideal of $R$, but $R$ is certainly not noetherian - the chain of ideals
$$(0)\subset (\epsilon_1)\subset(\epsilon_1,\epsilon_2)\subset\cdots$$
is an infinite ascending chain.
Let $R=\cap_{\lambda\in\Lambda}R_{\lambda}$ with $R_{\lambda}$ DVRs (as in Matsumura's definition of Krull domains). Assume that the intersection is irredundant, that is, if $\Lambda'\subsetneq\Lambda$ then $\cap_{\lambda\in\Lambda}R_{\lambda}\subsetneq\cap_{\lambda'\in\Lambda}R_{\lambda'}$.
Let's prove that $m_{\lambda}\cap R$ is a prime ideal of height one, for all $\lambda\in\Lambda$. First note that $m_{\lambda}\cap R\neq (0)$. If the height of some $m_{\alpha}\cap R$ is at least $2$, then there exists a nonzero prime $p\subsetneq m_{\alpha}\cap R$. From Kaplansky, Commutative Rings, Theorem 110, there exists $m_{\alpha'}\cap R\subseteq p$ (obviously $\alpha'\neq\alpha$). Let $x\in\cap_{\lambda\ne\alpha}R_{\lambda}$, $x\notin R$ (so $x\notin R_{\alpha}$), and $y\in m_{\alpha'}\cap R$, $y\neq 0$. One can choose $m,n$ positive integers such that $z=x^my^n$ is a unit in $R_{\alpha}$. Since $x\in R_{\alpha'}$ and $y\in m_{\alpha'}\cap R$ we get $z\in m_{\alpha'}$. Obviously $z\in R_{\lambda}$ for all $\lambda\ne \alpha, \alpha'$, so $z\in R$, $z$ is invertible in $R_{\alpha}$ and not invertible in $R_{\alpha'}$, a contradiction with $m_{\alpha'}\cap R\subseteq m_{\alpha}\cap R$.
(This argument is adapted from Kaplansky's proof of Theorem 114. Furthermore, using again Theorem 110 one can see that $m_{\lambda}\cap R$ are the only height one prime ideals of $R$.)
Best Answer
The wiki article hints that an integral extension $R\subseteq S$ satisfies going-up, lying-over and incomparability, the Krull dimensions of $R$ and $S$ are the same.