[Math] Why do the Zariski distinguished open subsets form a base

Question

Let $R$ be commutative ring with unit. I have to prove that the distinguished open sets form a base for the Zariski topology i.e. any non-empty open set is a union of distinguished ones. We have that for any non-empty open set $U,$
$$ U = \operatorname{Spec}(R) – \operatorname{V}(S) = \operatorname{Spec}(R) – \bigcap_{f \in S} \operatorname{V}(f) = \bigcup_{f \in S} \operatorname{Spec}(R)_f. $$
How can I prove that the second and third equalities hold?

Answer 1

$V(S) = \cap_{f \in S} V(f)$ is trivial from the definition of these sets. Now use $D(f) = V(f)^c$ (complement) which holds by definition, as well as the set-theoretic law that complements interchange intersections with unions. You don't need $D(f)=\mathrm{Spec}(R_f)$.