[Math] Two definitions of set of class $C^1$, given in books by Brezis and Evans

partial differential equationsreal-analysissmooth-manifolds

I am reading the book Functional Analysis, Sobolev Spaces and Partial Differential Equations, by Haim Brezis. It is given the following definition of an open set of class $C^1$, which I find it hard to understand intuitivelly:

We define the following sets:

  • $R_+ = \{x=(x_1,…,x_n) \in \mathbb{R}^n \ | \ x_n \geq 0\} $
    • $ Q = \{x=(x_1,…,x_n) \in \mathbb{R}^n \ | \ (\sum_{i=1}^{n-1} x_i^2)^{1/2} < 1 \ y \ |x_n|<1 \}$
    • $ Q_+=R_+ \cap Q $
    • $ Q_0=\{(x_1,…,x_{n-1},0) \in \mathbb{R}^n \ | \ (\sum_{i=1}^{n-1} x_i^2)^{1/2} < 1 \}$

An open set $\Omega$ is of class $C^1$ if for every $x \in \partial \Omega$ there exists a neighborhood $U_x$ of $x$ in $\mathbb{R}^n$ and
a bijective map $H: Q \to U_x$ such that:

  • $H \in C^1(\overline{Q})$
  • $H^{-1} \in C^1(\overline{U_x})$
  • $H(Q_+)=U_x \cap Q$
  • $H(Q_0)= U_x \cap \partial \Omega$

Is this the same definition than the one given in Evans' book for k=1 restricted to bounded sets?

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I suppose this has to do with the fact that the boundary of $\Omega$ is some kind of $C^1$ function…

Best Answer

The definitions are equivalent. Brezis says: locally, the domain can be mapped onto half-space by a $C^1$-diffeomorphism. Evans says: locally, the domain is bounded by the graph of a $C^1$-function.

Evans$\implies$Brezis: the domain $x_n>\gamma(x_1,\dots,x_{n-1})$ is mapped onto upper halfspace by $$H(x_1,\dots,x_n) = x_1,\dots,x_{n-1}, x_n - \gamma(x_1,\dots,x_{n-1})$$ This is indeed a diffeomorphism, because $$H^{-1}(x_1,\dots,x_n) = x_1,\dots,x_{n-1}, x_n + \gamma(x_1,\dots,x_{n-1})$$

Brezis$\implies$Evans: by the implicit function theorem, the set where then $n$th component of $H$ is $0$ is a smooth hypersurface. Make a tangent plane to it a coordinate hyperplane; you get (again from IFT) a smooth function $\gamma$ for which this surface is a graph.

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