Short answer for this question is "your argument is correct ". To justify the answer consider some particular $n_{0}\in \mathbb{N}$. Since $$\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\dfrac{a_{n}}{3^{n}},\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\dfrac{b_{n}}{3^{n}}\in C$$ we have that $ x_{n_{0}}=\dfrac{a_{n_{0}}+b_{n_{0}}}{2}\in \{0,1,2\} $. ($ x_{n_{0}}=0 $ if $ a_{n_{0}}=b_{n_{0}}=0 $. $ x_{n_{0}}=2 $ if $ a_{n_{0}}=b_{n_{0}}=2 $. Otherwise $ x_{n_{0}}=1 $. )
Then clearly $$\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\dfrac{x_{n}}{3^{n}}\in [0,1].$$ So $$2\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\dfrac{x_{n}}{3^{n}}=\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\dfrac{a_{n}}{3^{n}}+\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\dfrac{b_{n}}{3^{n}}\in [0,2].$$ Hence $ C+C\subseteq [0,2] $. To complete the proof you must show that the other direction as well. To show $ [0,2]\subseteq C+C $ it is enough to show $ [0,1]\subseteq \dfrac{1}{2}C+\dfrac{1}{2}C $.
Observe that $ b\in \dfrac{1}{2}C $ if and only if there exists $ t\in C $ such that $ b=\dfrac{1}{2}t $.
Hence $$ b\in \dfrac{1}{2}C\text{ if and only if }b=\sum\limits_{n = 1}^\infty \frac{b_n}{3^n}\text{ ; where }b_{n}=0\text{ or }1. $$ Now let $ x\in [0,1] $. Then $$ x= \sum\limits_{n = 1}^\infty \frac{x_n}{3^n}\text{ ; where }x_{n}=0,1\text{ or }2. $$
Here we need to find $ y,z\in \dfrac{1}{2}C $ such that $ x=y+z $. Let's define $ y=\sum\limits_{n = 1}^\infty \frac{y_n}{3^n} $ and $ z=\sum\limits_{n = 1}^\infty \frac{z_n}{3^n} $ as follows.
For each $n\in \mathbb{N}$, $ y_{n}=0 $ if $ x_{n}=0 $ and $ y_{n}=1 $ if $ x_{n}=1,2 $.
For each $n\in \mathbb{N}$, $ z_{n}=0 $ if $ x_{n}=0,1 $ and $ z_{n}=1 $ if $ x_{n}=2 $.
Thus $y,z\in \dfrac{1}{2}C $ and for each $n\in \mathbb{N}$, $ y_{n}+z_{n}=0 $ if $ x_{n}=0 $ , $ y_{n}+z_{n}=1 $ if $ x_{n}=1 $ and $ y_{n}+z_{n}=2 $ if $ x_{n}=2 $.
Therefore $x=y+z\in \dfrac{1}{2}C+\dfrac{1}{2}C$ and hence $[0,1] \subseteq \dfrac{1}{2}C+\dfrac{1}{2}C$. $\square $
"The elements in the Cantor set are the end points of all the intervals in $E_n$..." This is your mistake. This isn't true. In fact, written in ternary expansion, the elements of the Cantor set are precisely those elements in $[0,1]$ with a ternary expansion consisting of $0$'s and $2$'s (where we note $0.01=0.00\bar{2}\in\mathcal{C}$, but $0.0101\notin\mathcal{C}$, for example). Using this fact, it isn't hard to show that $\frac{1}{4}\in\mathcal{C}$ but $1/4$ is not an endpoint of any interval.
Best Answer
How about a more direct proof?
All $x$ in the set have a unique representation as $$x=\sum_{k\in \mathbb N}\frac{x_k}{3^k}$$ Define a map to $[0,1]$ by $$ x \mapsto \sum_{k\in \mathbb N}\frac{(x_k/2)}{2^{k}}. $$ This is a bijection. Done.
To see that it's a bijection, observe that it is a binary representation where we have taken the 2s in the initial sum and replaced them by 1s.