I am learning Bessel function the solution of Bessel equation by book 'Advanced Engineering Mathematics' by Peter V.O'Neil and here i found its derivation by Laplace transform. In this derivation of order $n$ the substitution $y(t)=t^{-n}w(t)$ is taken and then by Laplace transform $$W(s) = (1+s^2)^{-\frac{2n+1}{2}}$$ then by binomial expansion and then term by term inverting we have Bessel function of order n by substituting $y(t)=t^{-n}w(t)$. But the standard generalized part marked by me as 2 is not equal to solution obtained marked as 1. It looks nothing wrong in derivation but still i can not point out why this is. Please help me about this.
[Math] Solving Bessel’s equation by Laplace transform
bessel functionslaplace transform
Related Solutions
I realized that the easier approach than trying to evaluate what I had reached in my derivation is to introduce some dimensionless variables to simplify things.
We have just like above that
$$ \frac{dm}{dt} = q\cdot \alpha\left(1 - H(t-T)\right) - q \cdot \frac{m}{V_{0}}. $$
Then by dimensional analysis, we have that $\left[\frac{V_{0}}{q}\right] = T$, and so we introduce a characteristic time by $t_{c} = \frac{V_{0}}{q}$. Then $\tau = \frac{t}{t_{c}}$ is dimensionless and by the Chain rule $\frac{dm}{dt} = \frac{dm}{d\tau}\frac{d\tau}{dt} = \frac{q}{V_{0}}\frac{dm}{d\tau}$. We also introduce a dimensionless mass $\mathcal{M}$ via $m_{c} = V_{0}\alpha$, and upon subbing dimensionless quantities into the DE have $$ \frac{d\mathcal{M}}{d\tau} = 1 - H\left(\tau - \frac{qT}{V_{0}}\right). $$
From here, the Laplace transform is easily performed to acquire
$$ \mathcal{L}[\mathcal{M}] = \frac{1}{s} - \frac{1}{s+1} - e^{\frac{-qTs}{V_{0}}}\left(\frac{1}{s} - \frac{1}{s+1}\right). $$
This is much easier to apply the inverse Laplace operator to than what I had in my original question, and using the shift theorems
$$ \mathcal{L}^{-1}\left[\mathcal{L}\left[\mathcal{M}\right]\right] = \mathcal{M} = 1 - e^{-\tau} - H\left(\tau - \frac{qT}{V_{0}}\right)\left[1 - e^{-\left(\tau - \frac{qT}{V_{0}}\right)}\right]. $$
From here, substituting dimensional values back in and evaluating at $t = 2T$ isn't too hard.
Yes, Laplace transform is a very powerful mathematical tool applied in various areas of science and engineering. It has many application in different areas of physics and electrical power engineering. With the increasing complexity of engineering problems, Laplace transforms help in solving complex problems with a very simple approach just like the applications of transfer functions to solve ordinary differential equations. Besides these, Laplace transform is a very effective mathematical tool to simplify very complex problems in the area of stability and control. With the ease of application of Laplace transforms in myriad of scientific applications, many research software have made it possible to simulate the Laplace transformable equations directly which has made a good advancement in the research field.
For more details you may follow the references (and the references there in) given below:
$\bf{(1)}~~$"Laplace Transforms and Their Applications" by Alexander Apelblat (Nova Science Publishers, Inc.)
$\bf{(2)}~~$"LAPLACE TRANSFORMS AND ITS APPLICATIONS" by Sarina Adhikari
$\bf{(3)}~~$"LAPLACE TRANSFORMS AND ITS APPLICATIONS" by Ms. Sandhya Upreti, Ms. Piyali Sarkar
( http://ijirt.org/master/publishedpaper/IJIRT101182_PAPER.pdf )
$\bf{(4)}~~$"Laplace transforms and it‟s Applications in Engineering Field" by Dr.J.Kaliga Rani, S.Devi
( http://www.ijcotjournal.org/2015/volume-19/number-1/IJCOT-V19P310.pdf )
$\bf{(5)}~~$"Laplace Transforms and Their Applications to Differential Equations" by N.W. McLachlan (Dover Books on Mathematics)
$\bf{(6)}~~$"Theory of Laplace and Fourier Transform With Its Applications" by J. R. Sontakke
( http://www.ijeter.everscience.org/Manuscripts/Volume-4/Issue-6/Vol-4-issue-6-M-23.pdf )
$\bf{(7)}~~$ "APPLICATIONS OF LAPLACE TRANSFORM IN ENGINEERING FIELDS" by Prof. L.S. Sawant
Best Answer
The geneal term in (1) is $ (-1)^ka_kt^{n+2k} $ with $$ a_k=\frac{\frac{1}{2n-1}\prod_{m=0}^k(2n+2m-1)}{2^kk!\,\big(2(n+k)\big)!}=\frac{(2n+1)(2n+3)\cdots (2n+2k-1)}{2^kk!\,\big(2(n+k)\big)!}=\frac{\big(2(n+k)-1\big)!!}{2^kk!\,\big(2(n+k)\big)!} $$ and the geneal term in (2) is $ (-1)^kb_kt^{n+2k} $ with $$ b_k=\frac{1}{2^{2k+n}k!\,(n+k)!} $$ We have $$ a_k=\frac{\big(2(n+k)-1\big)!!}{2^kk!\,\big(2(n+k)\big)!}=\frac{(2(n+k))!}{2^{n+k}(n+k)!}\cdot\frac{1}{2^kk!\,\big(2(n+k)\big)!}=\frac{1}{2^{2k+n}k!\,(n+k)!}=b_k $$ using the fact that $(2m-1)!!={(2m)!\over2^m m!}$