Well as a former math contestant I wanted to share my thoughts on this question.
First and foremost you have to understand that the competition and the result you'll achieve are by no means a measurement of your mathematical ability. A very nice example is a friend of mine. In my life I've participated in about 40 math contests (regional, county, national, international and even IMO). Since my friend was the same age as me, he also participated in all this contests and he was simply dominant. I mean of the 40 or so contests I've participated in he was better ranked in all of them, as far as I can remember. Actually there were around 10 instances when I was second only to him (few times we were tied, simply because both of us had perfect scores). So you would say that he was a better mathematician than me. Well, I believe that's not the case. We both chased a math degree on university and he had problems with topics that were not required for math competitions, such as calculus, differential equations... So at the end he decided to give up on math and he started studying computer science. So because of this I believe that he was the better math competitor of the two, but not the better mathematician. So the math competitions certainly help you to develop your math genius, but your success (or failure) there doesn't necessary translates to your further math career.
Since I come from a relatively small country, I noticed that we failed miserably at almost every international competition (both on individual and team scale). So I tried to investigate and find out why this is happening. Certainly the fact that the talent pool in my country is small plays a big role. On every international contest there are countries that have 100 to 500 times more population than my country, so I guess there is a greater probability that a math genius will be born in let say USA or China than in my country. But this wasn't the only reason. Compared to countries as big as mine, we still had very bad results. So I talked to other contestants and I asked them what's their formula to success. What I found out was astonishing.
Since our country is small, we believe that we have a deficit of talents, so we try to make up for it by practicing and practicing. So we learn a lot of theory and techniques. Actually when I asked some of the guys that won a gold or silver medal at the IMO, they had little or no clue about some techniques. That suprised me. But unlike in my country, where there are only 4 contests per year(regional, county, national and selection test), other countries have 15-20 contests or at least "friendly" contest (where students solve problems in an IMO athmosphere, but they receive no awards for the results). So I concluded that although I (simularly as every contestant in my country) had much more theoretical knowledges I failed to put it in practice or to implement it in a solution. But with the expereince they had others don't have this problem. So I would say that experience is as important as practice. So maybe the reason why you couldn't solve a Olympiad problem is because you didn't participate in math contest as a youngster.
Also what I found out is that most of the successful math contestant have a "competition mindset", i.e. they go on compeitions and they do their work for 4.5 hours. So as a competitor I wasn't able to establish this mindset in me, so what usualy was happening to me is that I was great on preparations camps or when I was practising and I was able to solve some tough IMO problems by myself. But when I was at the IMO I wasn't able to recreate the same success and I believe that was because of the pressure that I was feeling and of course the time constraint.
So since now occasionally I'm working with young math talents in the first few classes I teach them about this mental thing and I want them to get this "competition mindset", before the procede to learning techniques and "tricks" if they want to be successful on math contests.
At the heart of these so-called "Vieta-jumping" techniques are certain symmetries (reflections) on conics. These symmetries govern descent in the group of integer points of the conic. If you wish to develop a deeper understanding of these proofs then I highly recommend that you study them from this more general perspective, where you will find much beauty and unification.
The group laws on conics can be viewed essentially as special cases of the group law on elliptic curves (e.g. see Franz Lemmermeyer's "poor man's" papers), which is a helpful perspective to know. See also Sam Northshield's expositions on associativity of the secant method (both linked here).
If memory serves correct, many of these contest problems are closely associated with so-called Richaud-Degert quadratic irrationals, which have short continued fraction expansions (or, equivalently, small fundamental units). Searching on "Richaud Degert" etc should locate pertinent literature (e.g. Lemmermeyer's Higher descent on Pell Conics 1). Many of the classical results are couched in the language of Pell equations, but it is usually not difficult to translate the results into more geometric language.
So, in summary, your query about a "natural or canonical way to see the answer to the problem" is given a beautiful answer when you study the group laws of conics (and closely related results such as the theory of Pell equations). Studying these results will provide much motivation and intuition for generalizations such as group laws on elliptic curves.
See also Aubry's beautiful reflective generation of primitive Pythagorean triples, which is a special case of modern general results of Wall, Vinberg, Scharlau et al. on reflective lattices, i.e. arithmetic groups of isometries generated by reflections in hyperplanes.
Best Answer
"Bashing" is a term for brute force methods, applied with very little cleverness. These are looked down on in contest mathematics, both because they aren't "pretty" and because they tend to take more time and computational effort than is practical in a live contest.
How do you tell if a solution is "bashing"? That's an entirely subjective judgment. The more you like it, the less likely you are to call it bashing.
What's the advantage of methods that might get called bashing? Reliability. Often, that method is something you know will work if you put enough time and effort into it. For example, consider the two top-rated answers to this recently active inequality problem; one is a short and sweet application of a classical inequality to eliminate the square roots, while the other is a very long slog of multivariable calculus and numerical root-finding, finding all twenty critical points of a function in order to find its minimum. The latter is certainly fairly bashy - I might not have gone through with it if I had realized how much work it was from the start - but it's also a complete solution, where the former isn't. After the simplification, that attempt stalls out with no clear next step.