The full question is as follows
Let $f(z)$ be an analytic function in a region $D$ and $f(z) \neq 0$ in $D$. Show that $\text{arg}(f(z))$ is a constant $\Rightarrow$ $f(z)$ is constant in $D$.
My approach would be to use Cauchy Riemann in terms of polar coordiantes.
In polar coordinates the Cauchy-Riemann equations become $$\dfrac{du}{dr}=\dfrac{1}{r}\dfrac{dv}{d\theta} ~~,~~ \dfrac{dv}{dr} = -\dfrac{1}{r}\dfrac{du}{d\theta}$$
The derivative in polar version at a point $z$ whose polar coordinates are $(r,\theta)$ is then $$f^{'}(z) = e^{-i\theta}(\dfrac{du}{dr}+i\dfrac{dv}{dr}) = \dfrac{1}{r}e^{-i\theta}(\dfrac{dv}{d\theta}-i\dfrac{du}{d\theta})$$
So how do i go on from here?
Since $arg(f(z))$ is equivalent to the $\theta$ in question, can i just say that $v_\theta = u_\theta = 0$?
Any help would be appreciated.
Best Answer
You can go ahead with your Cauchy-Riemann approach, but I also know of a geometric argument which I like a lot. Suppose $f(z)$ is nonconstant on $D$, and let $a \in D$ such that $f'(a) \neq 0$. By the definition of derivative, we know that $f(a + h) = f(a) + hf'(a) + o(h)$.
Choose $\alpha$ in $\Bbb{C}$ so that when $\alpha$ is considered as a vector in $\Bbb{R}^2$, $\alpha f'(a)$ is a unit vector perpendicular to $f(a)$. Let $h = r \alpha$, with $r$ real and positive. Note that $arg(f(a) + hf'(a)) \neq arg(f(a)).$ As $r$ goes to zero we see that $f(a + h)$ lies in a disk of radius $o(r)$ around $f(a) + h f'(a)$. For $r$ sufficiently small, the radius of this disc is smaller than the distance between $f(a) + h f'(a)$ and $f(a)$.
But $f(a)$ is the closest point to $f(a) + h f'(a)$ on the line $arg(z) = arg(f(a))$, since $h f'(a)$ is perpendicular to that line. It follows that when $h$ is sufficiently small, the disk and the line do not intersect. But $f(a + h)$ lies in the disk, and therefore cannot have the same argument as $f(a)$. This is a contradiction.
We conclude that if $arg(f(z))$ is constant, $f'(z)$ is identically zero on $D$. Assuming that $D$ is connected this implies that $f$ is a constant function there.