Suppose $S$ is a closed, oriented surface (2-manifold) embedded in $\mathbb{R}^3$, which
inherits the metric from $\mathbb{R}^3$, so that distances are measured by shortest
paths on the surface. If it is at least crudely accurate to say that Ricci flow
smooths out the metric/curvature so that the surface (eventually) evolves to a sphere,
is there a sense in which "reverse Ricci flow" concentrates curvature,
in some sense sharpens the curvature, and perhaps partitions $S$ into distinct regions?
This is a naive question, for which I apologize in advance; it could be complete
nonsense. What I mean by reverse Ricci flow (my own terminology; perhaps there is
standard terminology?), could be simply changing the sign in Hamilton's equation:
$$\frac{\partial g}{\partial t} \ = \ 2 \ {\bf Ric}(g) \;.$$
What I mean by "sharpens the curvature" is something akin to image-processing operators
which enhance the boundaries between regions to segment an image (edge detection). I am imagining
segmenting a surface $S$ by reverse Ricci flow.
One problem I can foresee is that is that reversing the heat equation is inherently
unstable, and maybe the same is true here. But perhaps in the specific situation of
$S \subset \mathbb{R}^3$ inheriting the Euclidean metric, the instabilities are not as severe
as they might be for arbitrary Riemannian manifolds.
All this is speculation on my part. Reality checks,
references, or further speculation—all welcomed!
Best Answer
This is a layman's answer.
What you are probably after is something like mean curvature flow. This evolution equation does concentrate curvature -- a good reference for this happening with convex initial hypersurfaces is Huisken's seminal 1984 paper in JDG. More recently, people have worked on surgery for the mean curvature flow, which does break the hypersurface into distinct regions where the curvature concentrates into singularities.
For your specific question, it isn't possible. Uniqueness in backward time is rubbish: the PDE is not parabolic. There is a clear and intuitive reason for this. The Ricci flow evolves geometries toward a model state: on a sphere with positive curvature, toward the geometry of a sphere. Now think about this for a second. All positive curvature geometries evolve toward one geometry -- as you wrote, the effect of the Ricci flow is to `smooth out' regions of curvature. Now if I begin at the goal model geometry, and flow in the backward time direction, how can I possibly know which less-ideal-but-positively-curved geometry to pick?
This is the basic problem with equations which aren't parabolic. In general, to reverse time is a very special and tricky thing and you need a lot more information to do it with any meaning. In this sense, I'd venture that the Ricci flow isn't the tool you're looking for.