[Math] pythagorean triple such that all angles of the corresponding triangle are simple fractions of $\pi$

geometryirrational-numberstranscendental-numberstrigonometry

Obviously, the most interesting pythagorean triple $(a, b, c)$ would be one for which the corresponding triangle (with integer side lengths $a, b, c$) has angles 90°, 60° and 30° ($\frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{\pi}{3}$ and $\frac{\pi}{6}$). This would mean that $c = 2a$ (since $\sin \frac{\pi}{6} = \frac{1}{2}$).

But in case this doens't exist, I would be interested to learn about any triple leading to "nice" or "interesting" acute angles.

Best Answer

This is a consequence of the fact that the unit group of $\Bbb Z[i]$ is $\{\pm1,\pm i\}$.

For, take a Pythagorean triple: $a^2+b^2=c^2$, with the angle $\beta$ opposite the side of length $b$. You are asking whether it is possible for $n\beta\equiv0\pmod{2\pi}$.

Now $z=\frac a c+\frac b ci$ is an element of $\Bbb Q(i)$ on the unit circle, and its argument is $\arctan(b/a)=\beta$. The argument of $z^n$ is $n\beta\pmod{2\pi}$.

But if $n\beta\equiv0\pmod{2\pi}$, then $z^n=1$, and so $z$ is a root of unity, of which there are only the powers of $i$ in $\Bbb Q(i)$.