When you say that a series converges you are guaranteeing that you can keep it within some range you define. When you say that it converges to a function, then you are saying that within any error bounds you can choose enough terms of the sequence to get within the desired error bounds. When you are proving that the sequence converges to a specific function you can assume that it is that function and then find the desired number of terms needed to converge to that function. Basically, #1 is useful for proving #2 because you know it does converge so you can try to find what it converges to. The interval of convergence of a Taylor series is important because you can only use the Taylor series to approximate the function in the interval of convergence, which is why you use Taylor series. If you try to use the Taylor series outside of this interval your series won't converge.
Let $f(x)=\arcsin(1-x)$ for $x\in[0,2]$.
Since the derivative of $f(x)=O\left( x^{-1/2}\right)$ for $x\sim 0$, we let $t=x^{1/2}$ and $g(t)=\arcsin(1-t^2)$.
We will now develop the first few terms of the Taylor series for $g(t)$ around $t=0$.
We have for the first derivative $g^{(1)}(t)$
$$\begin{align}
g^{(1)}(t)&=-\frac{2t}{\sqrt{1-(1-t^2)^2}}\\\\
&=-\frac{2}{\sqrt{2-t^2}}\tag 1
\end{align}$$
Differentiating the right-hand side of $(1)$, we obtain the second derivative, $g^{(2)}(t)$
$$\begin{align}
g^{(2)}(t)&=-\frac{2t}{(2-t^2)^{3/2}}\tag 2
\end{align}$$
Continuing, we have for $g^{(3)}(t)$
$$\begin{align}
g^{(3)}(t)&=-\frac{4(t^2+1)}{(2-t^2)^{5/2}}\tag 3
\end{align}$$
And finally, we have for $g^{(4)}(t)$
$$\begin{align}
g^{(4)}(t)&=-\frac{12t(t^2+3)}{(2-t^2)^{7/2}}\tag 4
\end{align}$$
We evaluate $(1)-(4)$ at $t=0$ and form the expansion
$$\bbox[5px,border:2px solid #C0A000]{\arcsin(1-x)=\frac{\pi}{2}-\sqrt{2}x^{1/2}-\frac{\sqrt{2}}{12}x^{3/2}+O\left(x^{5/2}\right)}$$
Best Answer
Alternatively, try integrating both sides of the algebraic identity (valid for $x\neq -1$):
$$\sum_{k=0}^{n-1} (-1)^kx^k=\frac{1}{1+x}+\frac{(-1)^{n-1}x^n}{1+x}$$
over a suitable interval and using elementary inequalities to bound the remainder term.