Let $\left\lVert\cdot\right\rVert:\mathbb R^{n\times n}\to\mathbb R$ be a submultiplicative matrix norm and $A\in\mathbb R^{n\times n}$ such that $\lVert A\rVert<1$. Prove that $A+I_n$ is invertible, where $I_n$ is the identity matrix in $\mathbb R^{n\times n}$.
I tried coming up with something like $$\lVert A+I_n\rVert=\lVert A(I_n+A^{-1})\rVert\leq\lVert A\rVert\cdot\lVert(I_n+A^{-1})\rVert<\lVert I_n+A^{-1}\rVert,$$
but that doesn't seem to get me anywhere. In the end, I think I should have some (in)equality with the determinant of $I_n+A^{-1}$ in it (and conclude that it is not $0$), but I don't know how to get there. How could I proceed?
Best Answer
Note that for any matrix $M$: if $\lambda$ is an eigenvalue, then $|\lambda| < \|M\|$. Thus, all eigenvalues of $A$ satisfy $|\lambda| < 1$.
Now, if $\mu$ is an eigenvalue of $A + I$, then $(\mu - 1)$ is an eigenvalue of $A + I$, which tells us that $|\mu - 1| < 1$. We can conclude that $A + I$ does not have zero as an eigenvalue. It follows that $A+I$ is invertible.