In complex analysis, Liouville's theorem is that every bounded entire function is constant. To prove it, Cauchy intergral formula is used$$f(z) = \frac{1}{2\pi i}\int_C\frac{f(s)}{s-z}ds$$ where C is circle with radius of R, and $|f'(z)|\le \frac{M}{2\pi R}$ by using bounded condition($|f(z)|\le M)$ and Cauchy's differentiation formula. Then, $f'(z)$ goes to $0 $ as R goes to infinity. So, f(z) is constant.
The same method can be used in proving Liouville's theorem for harmonic function?
In Partial differential equation, Liouville's theorem is that
$u(\mathbf x)$ is constant if $u(\mathbf x)$ is harmonic function in $\Bbb R^N (N=2,3) $ and $u(\mathbf x)$ is bounded by $M>0$.
By mean value principle, $$u(\mathbf x) = \frac{1}{|\partial B_R(\mathbf x)|}\int_{\partial B_R(\mathbf x)}u(s)ds$$ Then, how can I differentiate $u(\mathbf x)$?
Best Answer
Quote (the full paper!) of A Proof of Liouville's Theorem: