First note that for every $\alpha\in\mathbb R^\times$ we have that $x\mapsto\alpha\cdot x$ is an automorphism of $(\mathbb R,+)$.
Also note that if $f(x+y)=f(x)+f(y)$ then $f(2)=f(1)+f(1)$, and by induction $f(n)=n\cdot f(1)$ for $n\in\mathbb N$, equally $f(k)=k\cdot f(1)$ for $k\in\mathbb Z$. This carries to rationals as well, so $f\left(\frac{p}{q}\right)=\frac{p}{q}\cdot f(1)$.
Now, if $f$ is continuous then for every $x\in\mathbb R$ we have $f(x)=x\cdot f(1)$. So setting $\alpha=f(1)$ gives us that the continuous solutions are the solutions defined by $\mathbb R^\times$, therefore $\mathrm{Aut}(\mathbb R,+)\cap\{f\in\mathbb R^\mathbb R\mid f\text{ continuous}\}\cong(\mathbb R^\times,\cdot\ )$.
The existence of non-continuous solutions requires some axiom of choice, since such solutions generate Lebesgue non-measurable sets. So if we assume that every set is Lebesgue measurable (e.g. Solovay's model of models of Determinacy) then indeed there are no other solutions.
However, assuming the axiom of choice we can generate a basis for the vector space $\mathbb R$ over $\mathbb Q$. Note that every permutation of this basis can be extended to an automorphism of the vector space, namely $(\mathbb R,+)$.
The cardinality of such basis (known as Hamel basis) is $2^{\aleph_0}$, we have $2^{2^{\aleph_0}}$ many non-continuous solutions if we assume that such basis exists.
For further reading:
- Is there a non-trivial example of a $\mathbb Q-$endomorphism of $\mathbb R$?
- Horst Herrlich, The Axiom of Choice. Springer, 2006. (In particular section 5.1)
First, $\mathbb{Z}_n \oplus \mathbb{Z}_n$ is abelian, while there are many non-cyclic groups that are non-abelian (take $S_3$ for example), so the answer to your question as written is immediately no.
However, what if we only consider abelian non-cyclic groups? Then $\mathbb{Z}_2 \oplus \mathbb{Z}_6$ and $\mathbb{Z}_2 \oplus \mathbb{Z}_2 \oplus \mathbb{Z}_2$ are two counterexamples you might consider. [After OP's edit: a counterexample is $\mathbb{Z}_2 \oplus \mathbb{Z}_2 \oplus \mathbb{Z}_2 \oplus \mathbb{Z}_2$, which has order $16$ but is not $\mathbb{Z}_4 \oplus \mathbb{Z}_4$.]
[Note: this is a relevant result that you might already know: if $m$ and $n$ are coprime, then $\mathbb{Z}_m \oplus \mathbb{Z}_n \cong \mathbb{Z}_{mn}$.]
What you might then ask is if every abelian group can be written as the direct product of cyclic groups, and this is true, but not obvious: Classification of finitely generated abelian groups.
Best Answer
Let $G=\langle a\rangle=\mathbb Z_n$ and get $\phi\in Aut(G)$. Clearly, $$\phi(a)=ta:=\underbrace{a+a+\ldots+a}_t$$ for some $t$. You know that $ta$ is a generator of the group and therefore $(t,n)=1$ necessarily. Here you have $[t]\in U(\mathbb Z_n)$. Now try to show that the following function is an isomorphism: $$\Phi: Aut(G)\longrightarrow U(\mathbb Z_n)$$ $$\Phi(\phi)=[t]$$