First, let me explicitly assume $R$ is a noetherian local domain with a principal maximal ideal $\mathfrak{m}$.
Proposition. The Krull dimension of $R$ is at most $1$.
Proof. Let $\mathfrak{m} = (t)$, and let $\mathfrak{p}$ be prime. We know $\mathfrak{p} \subseteq \mathfrak{m}$, so it is enough to show that either $\mathfrak{p} = \mathfrak{m}$ or $\mathfrak{p} = (0)$. Suppose $\mathfrak{p} \ne \mathfrak{m}$: then $t \notin \mathfrak{p}$. Let $a_0 \in \mathfrak{p}$. For each $a_n$, because $\mathfrak{p}$ is prime, there exists $a_{n+1}$ in $\mathfrak{p}$ such that $a_n = a_{n+1} t$. By the axiom of dependent choice, this yields an infinite ascending sequence of principal ideals:
$$(a_0) \subseteq (a_1) \subseteq (a_2) \subseteq \cdots$$
Since $R$ is noetherian, for $n \gg 0$, we must have $(a_n) = (a_{n+1}) = (a_{n+2}) = \cdots$. Suppose, for a contradiction, that $a_0 \ne 0$. Then, $a_n \ne 0$ and $a_{n+1} \ne 0$, and there is $u \ne 0$ such that $a_{n+1} = a_n u$. But then $a_n = a_{n+1} t = a_n u t$, so cancelling $a_n$ (which we can do because $R$ is an integral domain), we get $1 = u t$, i.e. $t$ is a unit. But then $\mathfrak{m} = R$ – a contradiction. So $a_n = 0$. $\qquad \blacksquare$
Here's an elementary proof which shows why we can reduce to the case where $R$ is an integral domain.
Proposition. Any non-trivial ring $A$ has a minimal prime.
Proof. By Krull's theorem, $A$ has a maximal ideal, which is prime. Let $\Sigma$ be the set of all prime ideals of $A$, partially ordered by inclusion. The intersection of a decereasing chain of prime ideals is a prime ideal, so by Zorn's lemma, $\Sigma$ has a minimal element. $\qquad \blacksquare$
Thus, we can always assume that a maximal chain of prime ideals starts at a minimal prime and ends at a maximal ideal. But if $R$ is a noetherian local ring with principal maximal ideal $\mathfrak{m}$ and $\mathfrak{p}$ is a minimal prime of $R$, then $R / \mathfrak{p}$ is a noetherian local domain with a principal maximal ideal $\mathfrak{m}$, and $\dim R = \sup_\mathfrak{p} \dim R / \mathfrak{p}$, as $\mathfrak{p}$ varies over the minimal primes.
Update. Georges Elencwajg pointed out in a comment that the first proof actually works without the assumption that $R$ is a domain, because $(1 - u t)$ is always invertible.
Let $R=\cap_{\lambda\in\Lambda}R_{\lambda}$ with $R_{\lambda}$ DVRs (as in Matsumura's definition of Krull domains). Assume that the intersection is irredundant, that is, if $\Lambda'\subsetneq\Lambda$ then $\cap_{\lambda\in\Lambda}R_{\lambda}\subsetneq\cap_{\lambda'\in\Lambda}R_{\lambda'}$.
Let's prove that $m_{\lambda}\cap R$ is a prime ideal of height one, for all $\lambda\in\Lambda$. First note that $m_{\lambda}\cap R\neq (0)$. If the height of some $m_{\alpha}\cap R$ is at least $2$, then there exists a nonzero prime $p\subsetneq m_{\alpha}\cap R$. From Kaplansky, Commutative Rings, Theorem 110, there exists $m_{\alpha'}\cap R\subseteq p$ (obviously $\alpha'\neq\alpha$). Let $x\in\cap_{\lambda\ne\alpha}R_{\lambda}$, $x\notin R$ (so $x\notin R_{\alpha}$), and $y\in m_{\alpha'}\cap R$, $y\neq 0$. One can choose $m,n$ positive integers such that $z=x^my^n$ is a unit in $R_{\alpha}$. Since $x\in R_{\alpha'}$ and $y\in m_{\alpha'}\cap R$ we get $z\in m_{\alpha'}$. Obviously $z\in R_{\lambda}$ for all $\lambda\ne \alpha, \alpha'$, so $z\in R$, $z$ is invertible in $R_{\alpha}$ and not invertible in $R_{\alpha'}$, a contradiction with $m_{\alpha'}\cap R\subseteq m_{\alpha}\cap R$.
(This argument is adapted from Kaplansky's proof of Theorem 114. Furthermore, using again Theorem 110 one can see that $m_{\lambda}\cap R$ are the only height one prime ideals of $R$.)
Best Answer
This is true - in a Noetherian ring, the only possible heights for which there are finitely many primes of that height are either $0$, or maximal ideals. This follows from the following fact:
Proposition: If $R$ is Noetherian and $\mathfrak p_0 \subsetneq \mathfrak p_1 \subsetneq \mathfrak p_2$ is a chain of distinct prime ideals in $R$, then there are infinitely many primes $\mathfrak q$ such that $\mathfrak p_0 \subsetneq \mathfrak q \subsetneq \mathfrak p_2$.
Proof: Localizing at $\mathfrak p_2$ and quotienting by $\mathfrak p_0$, it suffices to show that any Noetherian local domain of dimension $2$ has infinitely many primes. If there were only finitely many height $1$ primes, then since $\mathfrak p_2$ is not contained in any of them, by prime avoidance it is not contained in their union, so there exists $x \in \mathfrak p_2$, but not in any height $1$ prime. But this contradicts the Principal Ideal Theorem, since $\text{ht}(x) \le 1$.