We shall inductively prove a stronger form, namely that every positive integer $n \ge 7$ can be written as the sum of distinct primes such that the largest is at most $\max(11,n-7)$. It turns out that strengthening makes the induction work!
Take $n \ge 28$.
Let $m = \lceil \frac{n-6}{2} \rceil= \lfloor\frac{n-5}{2} \rfloor$.
Let $p$ be a prime such that $m+1 \le p \le 2m-1$ [by Bertrand's postulate].
Then $\frac{n-5}{2} \le p \le n-7$.
By the induction to be established $n-p$ can be written as a sum of distinct primes such that the largest is at most $\max(11,n-p-7)$, which is less than $p$ because $p \ge \frac{28-5}{2} > 11$ and $2p \ge n-5 > n-7$.
Thus $n$ can be written as a sum of distinct primes such that the largest is at most $\max(7,n-7)$, and the induction holds as long as the claim is true for every $n$ from $7$ to $27$.
7 = 5+2
8 = 5+3
9 = 7+2
10 = 5+3+2
11 = 11
12 = 7+5
13 = 11+2
14 = 7+5+2
15 = 7+5+3
16 = 11+5
17 = 7+5+3+2
18 = 11+7
19 = 11+5+3
20 = 11+7+2
21 = 11+7+3
22 = 13+7+2
23 = 13+7+3
24 = 13+11
25 = 13+7+5
26 = 13+11+2
27 = 13+11+3
I am guessing that this is the exact same solution the OP (TheBigOne) got, but I am putting my answer here, so that the thread is answered. Even though this proof requires some non-elementary knowledge (Bertrand's Postulate), it is still a proof. (Although I disagree that Bertrand's Postulate is not elementary. The proof I know is quite elementary, and as i707107 said, Bertrand's Postulate is very widely known.) The solution also utilizes the fact that there are infinitely many prime natural numbers congruent to $2$ modulo $3$. (This fact has an elementary proof.)
First, let $L_k:=\text{lcm}(1,2,\ldots,k)$ for $k=1,2,3,\ldots$. Note that $L_1=1$ and $L_k\geq k(k-1)$ for $k\geq 2$. That is, for each integer $N>0$, $$\sum_{k=1}^N\,\frac{1}{L_k}\leq 1+\sum_{k=2}^N\,\frac{1}{k(k-1)}\leq 1+\sum_{k=2}^\infty\,\frac{1}{k(k-1)}=2\,.$$
This means $S:=\sum\limits_{k=1}^\infty\,\dfrac{1}{L_k}$ exists and is a positive real number less than $2$. (WolframAlpha states that $S\approx 1.77111$.)
We argue by contradiction. Suppose contrary that $S=\dfrac{a}{b}$ for some relatively prime positive integers $a$ and $b$. Let $p_1,p_2,p_3,\ldots$ be the increasing sequence of all prime natural numbers greater than $b$. Using Bertrand's Postulate, $$p_r<p_{r+1}<2\,p_r$$ for all $r=1,2,3,\ldots$. Thus, $$p_{r+1}-p_r\leq p_r-1$$ for each positive integer $r$. Note that, for infinitely many positive integers $r$, it holds that $p_r\equiv 2\pmod{3}$. Therefore, the equality $p_{r+1}-p_r=p_r-1$ does not happen (or else, $p_{r+1}\equiv 0\pmod{3}$). Hence, $p_{r+1}-p_r<p_r-1$ for infinitely many such $r$.
Now,
$$\begin{align}
L_{p_1-1}\,\left(S-\sum_{k=1}^{p_1-1}\,\frac{1}{L_k}\right)&\leq \sum_{r=1}^\infty\,\sum_{k=p_r}^{p_{r+1}-1}\,\frac{L_{p_1-1}}{L_k}\leq \sum_{r=1}^\infty\,\sum_{k=p_r}^{p_{r+1}-1}\,\frac{1}{p_1p_2\cdots p_r}
\\
&=\sum_{r=1}^\infty\,\frac{p_{r+1}-p_r}{p_1p_2\cdots p_r}<\sum_{r=1}^\infty\,\frac{p_{r}-1}{p_1p_2\ldots p_r}
\\
&=\left(1-\frac{1}{p_1}\right)+\left(\frac{1}{p_1}-\frac{1}{p_1p_2}\right)+\left(\frac{1}{p_1p_2}-\frac{1}{p_1p_2p_3}\right)+\ldots
\\
&=1\,.
\end{align}$$
This is a contradiction, as $b\mid L_{p-1}$ and $S>\sum\limits_{k=1}^{p_1-1}\,\frac{1}{L_k}$, which means $L_{p-1}\,\left(S-\sum\limits_{k=1}^{p_1-1}\,\frac{1}{L_k}\right)$ is a positive integer. Therefore, $S$ cannot be a rational number.
Best Answer
Hint $\ $ Since there is a unique denominator $\rm\:\color{#C00} {2^K}\:$ having maximal power of $2,\,$ upon multiplying all terms through by $\rm\:2^{K-1}$ one deduces the contradiction that $\rm\ 1/2\, =\, c/d \;$ with $\rm\: d \:$ odd, $ $ e.g.
$$\begin{eqnarray} & &\rm\ \ \ \ \color{green}{m} &=&\ \ 1 &+& \frac{1}{2} &+& \frac{1}{3} &+&\, \color{#C00}{\frac{1}{4}} &+& \frac{1}{5} &+& \frac{1}{6} &+& \frac{1}{7} \\ &\Rightarrow\ &\rm\ \ \color{green}{2m} &=&\ \ 2 &+&\ 1 &+& \frac{2}{3} &+&\, \color{#C00}{\frac{1}{2}} &+& \frac{2}{5} &+& \frac{1}{3} &+& \frac{2}{7}^\phantom{M^M}\\ &\Rightarrow\ & -\color{#C00}{\frac{1}{2}}\ \ &=&\ \ 2 &+&\ 1 &+& \frac{2}{3} &-&\rm \color{green}{2m} &+& \frac{2}{5} &+& \frac{1}{3} &+& \frac{2}{7}^\phantom{M^M} \end{eqnarray}$$
The prior sum has all odd denominators so reduces to a fraction with odd denominator $\rm\,d\, |\, 3\cdot 5\cdot 7$.
Note $\ $ I purposely avoided any use of valuation theory because Anton requested an "elementary" solution. The above proof can easily be made comprehensible to a high-school student.