I am having trouble unpacking this problem involving finding maximal ideals.
It would be great to gain some insight into how maximal ideals work in polynomial quotients.
The example I'm trying to understand is $\mathbb{R}[x]/(x^2)$.
The way I went about understanding this problem was to first find out what elements in the quotient looked like:
Elements in $\mathbb{R}[x]$ look like $$a_nx^n + \cdots + a_2 x^2 + a_1 x + a_0$$ for $a_0,…,a_n \in \mathbb{R}$
Elements in $\mathbb{R}[x]/(x^2)$ are cosets of the ideal $I = (x^2)$ which are of the form $$f(x)+I$$ and $$f(x)*I$$ for $f(x) \in\mathbb{R}[x]$.
This is where I get lost and I'm not sure how to proceed, perhaps there are some theorems to do with $(x^2)$ being principal ideal generated by a monic polynomial. Am I approaching this problem in the right way?
Thanks for your help.
Best Answer
Hints:
1) You can think of the quotient ring $A = \Bbb{R}[x]/(x^2)$ as being like the polynomial ring $\Bbb{R}[x]$ but equipped with a new algebraic law saying that $x^2 = 0$. So every element of $A$ can be written uniquely in the form $a + bx$ for $a, b \in \Bbb{R}$ (and where I'm using $x$ by abuse of notation for the coset $x + (x^2)$). You add in $A$ just as for polynomials and you multiply using the rule $(a + bx)(c + dx) = ac + (ad + bc)x$.
2) An ideal $M$ in a ring $R$ is maximal iff the quotient ring $K = R/M$ is a field. In a field, $t^2 = 0$ implies $t = 0$, so an element like $x \in A$ with $x^2 = 0$ must map to $0$ in $K$, i.e., it must belong to $M$. This leaves you with only one possibility for $M$ in the ring $A$.