This is a question from a qualifying exam. Let $X$ be a compact, oriented $n$-dimensional manifold. Show that for any $k \in \mathbb{Z}$, there exists a continuous map $f: X \to S^n$ of degree $k$.
I was pleased with the very nice solution via suspensions at For every $k \in {\mathbb Z}$ construct a continuous map $f: S^n \to S^n$ with $\deg(f) = k$. in the case where $X = S^n$. It seems that for this question, it should suffice to show that there exists a degree $\pm 1$ map from $X$ to $S^n$, and then we can compose with a degree $\pm k$ self-map of $S^n$ to get a degree $k$ map from $X$ to $S^n$ (because the degree of a composition of maps is the product of the degrees of the component maps).
One idea I've had so far is to consider an embedding $X \to \mathbb{R}^N \backslash \{0\}$ for some large $N$ and then project onto the $n$-sphere, but I do not know how one would guarantee that this would have degree 1. And while this isn't necessary to answer the question, what would a degree 1 map $T^2 \to S^2$ even look like? I cannot easily visualize such a map.
EDIT: To answer my own question about a degree 1 map $T^2 \to S^2$ that is slightly less `singular' than Jared's answer below: imagining the sphere and torus as their nice looking ball and doughnut shapes, just place the sphere inside of the torus (i.e. in the tube itself, not at its center of mass) and then project the the torus onto the sphere.
Best Answer
Here is an answer that uses more abstract machinery. Let $B \subset X$ be an open set homeomorphic to an open ball in $\Bbb R^n$. Let $p : X \to X / (X - B)$ be the quotient map. We have $X/(X - B) = S^n$. By the naturality of the long exact sequence, we have the commutative diagram: $$ \require{AMScd} \begin{CD} H_n(X) @>\cong>> H_n(X, X - B)\\ @VVq_*V @VV\cong V \\ H_n(X / (X - B)) @>\cong>> H_n(X / (X - B), (X - B) / (X - B)) \end{CD} $$
The upper map is an isomorphism since $X$ is orientable. The right map is an isomorphism by excision (see Hatcher's Algebraic Topology, 2.22). The lower map is an isomorphism since $(X - B) / (X - B)$ is a single point.
It follows that $q_*$ is an isomorphism. Hence $q$ has degree one as desired.