As far as the real numbers are concerned, a set has an infimum if it is nonempty and bounded below, and a supremum if it is nonempty and bounded above. As for the work you've done:
a) looks good.
For b) it should say "...and $x\leq 1$" not "...and $1\leq x$". Other than that, looks good.
For c), as long as you do not include $0$ as a natural number, everything looks fine.
For d), yes, that is one way to represent the real numbers. So the set is unbounded on both ends.
For e), you are talking about a range of real numbers. The notations $(x,y),[x,y),(x,y]$ and $[x,y]$ denote intervals real numbers. If it were a set of integers, the set would be defined with curly brackets, $\{0,2\}$ represents the set containing only the two integers $0$ and $2$. You might also occasionally see the notation $[0,2]\cap \Bbb{Z}$, which would be equivalent to the set $\{0,1,2\}$. Hence, the two upper bounds to consider for this problem are $4$ or $5$.
Now that you have established an understanding of these five sets and picked out correct lower/upper bounds, can you identify which of those are supremums and infimums of your respective sets?
Eventually it means that $b-(m+1)a$ is negative, but the fact that you "know" this is jumping ahead a bit. The assumption is that $na<b$ for every positive integer $n$. That has to include $n=m+1$, so you're assuming $(m+1)a<b$ which is to say $b-(m+1)a >0.$ This leads to a contradiction and then you can conclude that $b-(m+1)a$ is negative. You're letting your intuition get aheas of your logic.
Best Answer
Assume N subset R is bounded above.
So there is a least upper bound of N. Call it s.
If n in N, then n + 1 in N. Hence n + 1 <= s, n <= s - 1.
Thus s - 1 is a smaller upper bound of N, a contradiction.