[Math] Implicit differentiation “in terms of $x$ and $y$”.

implicit-differentiation

I dont get it when it means "to find $dy/dx$ in terms of $x$ and $y$" what does it mean?
Solve the following problem and write your answer and solutions on bond paper.

1) Use implicit differentiation to find $dy/dx$ in terms of $x$ and $y$.

a) $2x^3=2y^2+5$

b) $1=3x+2x^2y^2$

c)$x^2=(4x^2y^3+1)^2$

2) Use implicit differentiation to find second derivative in terms of $x$ and $y$.

$4y^2+2=3x^2$

Best Answer

We need to express the derivative of the functions in terms of both $x$ and $y$ (in our answers), rather than just $x$. This is how it works:
$$a) 2x^3 = 2y^2+5$$ $$\frac{d}{dx} 2x^3 = \frac{d}{dx}2y^2 + \frac{d}{dx}5$$ $$6x = \frac{d}{dx}2y^2+0 \implies 6x = \frac{d}{dx}2y^2$$ Here, we need to use the Chain Rule to simplify $\frac{d}{dx}2y^2$. $$\frac{du}{dx} = \frac{du}{dy}\cdot\frac{dy}{dx}$$ $$\frac{d}{dx}2y^2 = \frac{d}{dy}2y^2\cdot\frac{dy}{dx}$$ $$\frac{d}{dx}2y^2 = 4y\cdot\frac{dy}{dx}$$ Now, we can continue.
$$6x = 4y\cdot\frac{dy}{dx}$$ $$\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{6x}{4y} \implies \frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{3x}{2y}$$ We used the derivatives of both sides in order to differentiate implicitly. As you can see, it is expressed in terms of both x and y, just as the question asked. Repeating this process for the other questions will lead to the answer. $$b) 1= 3x+2x^2y^2$$ $$\frac{d}{dx}1 = \frac{d}{dx}3x+\frac{d}{dx}2x^2y^2$$ $$0 = 3+\frac{d}{dx}2x^2y^2$$ $$-3 = \frac{d}{dx}2x^2y^2$$ To find $\frac{d}{dx}2x^2y^2$, use the Product Rule. $$\frac{d}{dx}2x^2y^2 = (\frac{d}{dx}2x^2)\cdot y^2+(\frac{d}{dx}y^2)\cdot 2x^2 \implies \frac{d}{dx}2x^2y^2 = 4xy^2+2x^2\cdot 2y\cdot \frac{dy}{dx}$$ $$\frac{d}{dx}2x^2y^2 = 4xy^2+4x^2y\cdot\frac{dy}{dx}$$ Back to the question, we can quickly reach the answer. $$-3 = 4x^2y+4xy^2\cdot\frac{dy}{dx} \implies -3-4x^2y = 4xy^2\cdot\frac{dy}{dx} \implies \frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{-3-4x^2y}{4xy^2} = -\frac{3+4x^2y}{4xy^2}$$ $$c) x^2 = (4x^{2}y^{3}+1)^2$$ $$\frac{d}{dx}x^2 = \frac{d}{dx}(4x^{2}y^{3}+1)^2$$ $$2x = \frac{d}{dx}(4x^{2}y^{3}+1)^2$$ Now, $\frac{d}{dx}(4x^{2}y^{3}+1)^2$ should be calculated. Using the Chain Rule, $$\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{dy}{du}\cdot\frac{du}{dx}$$ $$y = x^2 = (4x^{2}y^{3}+1)^2$$ $$u = (4x^{2}y^{3}+1)$$ $$\frac{d}{dx}(4x^{2}y^{3}+1)^2 = 2(4x^{2}y^{3}+1)\cdot\frac{d}{dx}(4x^{2}y^{3}+1)$$ $$\frac{d}{dx}(4x^{2}y^{3}+1)^2 = 2(4x^{2}y^{3}+1)\cdot (8xy^3+12x^{2}y^{2})\cdot\frac{dy}{dx}$$ Back to the question. $$2x = 2(4x^{2}y^{3}+1)\cdot (8xy^3+12x^{2}y^{2})\cdot\frac{dy}{dx}$$ $$\implies \frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{2x}{2(4x^{2}y^{3}+1)\cdot (8xy^3+12x^{2}y^{2})}$$ $$\implies \frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{x}{(4x^{2}y^{3}+1)\cdot (8xy^3+12x^{2}y^{2})}$$ For question 2, the process is repeated twice with substitution at the end. $$2) 4y^2+2 = 3x^2$$ $$\frac{d}{dx}4y^2+\frac{d}{dx}2 = \frac{d}{dx}3x^2$$ $$\frac{d}{dx}4y^2 + 0 = 6x \implies \frac{d}{dx}4y^2 = 6x$$ Using the Chain Rule, we get $$8y\cdot\frac{dy}{dx} = 6x \implies \frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{6x}{8y} = \frac{3x}{4y}$$ But the question wanted the double derivative, so the process repeats. $$\frac{dy}{dx}\frac{3x}{4y} = \frac{\frac{d}{dx}(3x)\cdot 4y -\frac{d}{dx}(4y)\cdot 3x}{(4y)^2}$$ $$\frac{d}{dx}\frac{3x}{4y} = \frac{12y-12x\cdot\frac{dy}{dx}}{16y^2}$$ Now, plug in $\frac{3x}{4y}$ for $\frac{dy}{dx}$. $$\frac{d}{dx}\frac{3x}{4y} = \frac{12y-12x\cdot\frac{3x}{4y}}{16y^2}$$ Simplify the right side and you’ll get this. $$\frac{d}{dx}\frac{3x}{4y} = \frac{12y^2-9x^2}{16y^3}$$ Therefore, this is the second derivative. $$\frac{d^2y}{dx^2} = \frac{12y^2-9x^2}{16y^3}$$

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