The line $x-2y=2$ has slope $\frac12$, so you want to set the derivative of $\frac{x-1}{x+1}$ equal to $\frac12$ and solve for $x$:
$$\frac2{x^2+2x+1}=\frac12\;.$$
This would actually be just a little easier if you hadn't multiplied out the denominator; then you'd have $$\frac2{(x+1)^2}=\frac12\;,\tag{1}$$ so $(x+1)^2=4$, $x+1=\pm 2$, ...
Added: Let's recap what's going on here. You want some lines that are to be parallel to the line $x-2y=2$. That line has slope $1/2$, so your lines have to have slope $1/2$: that's how you know that they're parallel to the line $x-2y=2$. (If they had a different slope, they'd eventually cross it somewhere.) The derivative $\frac2{(x+1)^2}$ gives the slope of the tangent at any point on the curve $y=\frac{x-1}{x+1}$; we want to know where that slope is $1/2$, so we set the derivative equal to $1/2$ in $(1)$ and solve for $x$. You found that $x=-3$ or $x=1$, so there are two points on the curve where the tangent is parallel to the line $x-2y=2$; one is $(-3,2)$, and the other is $(1,0)$. Now you just find the tangent lines to $y=\frac{x-1}{x+1}$ at those two points.
For the first, for instance, you have $y-2=\frac12\big(x-(-3)\big)=\frac12(x+3)=\frac12x+\frac32$, so $y=\frac12x+\frac72$; I'll leave the other to you.
If you have a parametric equation $x=x(t)$ and $y=y(t)$, then
$$\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{dy/dt}{dx/dt}.$$
In your case, you have $x(\theta)=r\theta-r\sin\theta$ and $y(\theta)=r-r\cos\theta$. Therefore, $\dfrac{dx}{d\theta} = \ldots$ and $\dfrac{dy}{d\theta} = \ldots$, and hence
$$\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{dy/d\theta}{dx/d\theta} = \ldots$$
Then you'll want to compute $\left.\dfrac{dy}{dx}\right|_{\theta=\pi/6}$ and $\left.\dfrac{dy}{dx}\right|_{\theta=5\pi/4}$ to get the slopes of the two tangent lines. Once you have those, you'll be able to compute the tangent line equations like usual using point-slope form; in particular, your two tangent line equations will be
$$y=\left(\left.\dfrac{dy}{dx}\right|_{\theta=\pi/6}\right)(x-x(\pi/6)) + y(\pi/6)$$
and
$$y=\left(\left.\dfrac{dy}{dx}\right|_{\theta=5\pi/4}\right)(x-x(5\pi/4)) + y(5\pi/4)$$
To see where the tangent line is horizontal, you'll want to solve $\dfrac{dy}{d\theta}=0$.
To see where the tangent line is vertical, you'll want to solve $\dfrac{dx}{d\theta}=0$.
To see if the cycloid is concave up or down, you'll need to compute the second derivative:
$$\frac{d^2y}{dx^2} = \dfrac{d}{dx}\left(\frac{dy}{dx}\right) = \dfrac{\dfrac{d}{d\theta}\left(\dfrac{dy}{dx}\right)}{\dfrac{dx}{d\theta}}$$
and see where it's positive and/or negative.
I hope this provides you with enough information to at least start the problem.
Best Answer
Note that $dx$ is not a derivative, it's a differential. Same with $dy$.
What you mean, presumably, is that you will take $\frac{dx}{dt}$ and $\frac{dy}{dt}$ for parts (b) and (c). Note that $$\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{\quad\frac{dy}{dt}\quad}{\frac{dx}{dt}}$$ so you can use this for (a), (b), and (c). For (a), this can be used to get the slope of the tangent, but to find the equation of the tangent you'll have to do a bit more work. For (b), you want $\frac{dy}{dx}$ to be $0$, so you want $\frac{dy}{dt}=0$ and $\frac{dx}{dt}\neq 0$. For (c), you want $\frac{dy}{dt}\neq 0$ and $\frac{dx}{dt}=0$.