I have a problem here that becomes quite difficult to manage. I have to find the fourier transform of: $$f(x)=\frac{x}{x^4+4}$$ I'm sure there will be many ways to do this and I'll post my method that I started but am having a hard time with.
First, this is a practice problem that was given with a solution but the steps are difficult to follow: Here is the solution i received.
$$\mathfrak{F}\left[\frac{x}{x^{4}+4}\right]=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}\frac{x}{x^{4}+4}e^{-i\xi x}dx$$
"We evaluate this integral in the upper half plane, with two poles inside the contour, at $1+i$ and $-1+i$, when $x > 0$." (Note: This is Complex Variable Theory, specifically Contour Integrals. The chapter in the book is "Complex Integration and Residue Theory")
$$F = \frac{i\sqrt{2\pi}}{4}e^{-\xi}\sin(\xi) $$
"Odd extension gives"
$$F = \frac{i\sqrt{2\pi}}{4}e^{-|\xi|}\sin(\xi) $$
That's it for a solution he provides.
Generally to take the integral of something like this in the upper half plane requires one to first evaluate the poles.
I discover poles of $\dfrac{xe^{i\xi x}}{x^{4}+4}$ (i.e., look at the $x^{4} + 4$) at
$$ \sqrt{2}e^{(\frac{i\pi}{4}(2k+1))}, k = 0,1,2,3$$
Once I have these I can draw a figure of the situation:
As you can see, given these chosen Contours, one from $-\infty$ to $\infty$ and the other contour where the values go into the positive imaginary axis. This will equal zero when considering now $x=z$ and $R \rightarrow \infty$:
$$\int_{0}^{\pi}\frac{z}{z^{4}+4}e^{-i\xi z}dz$$
and $z = Re^{i\theta}$ and $dz = RdRd\theta$ we get
$$\int_{0}^{\pi}\frac{R^{4}e^{4i\theta}}{R^{4}e^{4i\theta}+4}e^{-i\xi z}RdRd\theta$$
So it can be seen that this would go to zero because of the $e^{z}$ term as $ R \rightarrow \infty$ no matter what value of $\theta$ we integrate over.
Okay now that this part is over the difficulty I get is in finding the residues of my two poles that i have. I can do this by finding the general residue of $\sqrt{2}e^{\frac{i\pi}{n}(2k+1)}$:
First i rename $\sqrt{2}e^{\frac{i\pi}{n}(2k+1)}$ to $C_{k}$ which makes this more manageable. where we only care about k = 0,1.
$$ Res[C_{k}] = \lim_{z\rightarrow C_{k}} (z-C_{k})f(z)$$
$$ Res[C_{k}] = \lim_{z\rightarrow C_{k}} \frac{(z-C_{k})ze^{-i\xi z}}{(z^{4}-4)} $$
we need L'Hopital's rule here and then after evaluating this i get something odd that i dont like dealing with:
$$ Res[C_{k}] = \lim_{z\rightarrow C_{k}} \frac{e^{-i\xi z}}{(4C^{2})} $$
$$ Res[C_{k}] = \lim_{z\rightarrow C_{k}} \frac{e^{-i\xi z}}{(8e^{\frac{i2\pi}{n}(2k+1)})} $$
what bothers me is the $e^{i\xi z} $ term in the numerator. My approach may be odd too. I'm hoping for someone who has done similar problems to provide some insight. Using Complex integration techniques would be most helpful but if you have any other ideas it would be good to hear them too. Feel free to ask if you want to see any steps i skipped. I can type those out. I will get to doing that as soon as I have time.
Best Answer
I don't know what Fourier Transform is and also this will help you or not. At least, I give some thought. Split the algebraic fraction form as \begin{align} \frac{x}{x^4+4}&=\frac{x}{(x^2-2x+2)(x^2+2x+2)}\\ &=\frac{1}{4(x^2-2x+2)}-\frac{1}{4(x^2+2x+2)}\\ &=\frac{1}{4((x-1)^2+1)}-\frac{1}{4((x+1)^2+1)}\\ \end{align} Then \begin{align} \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}\frac{x}{x^{4}+4}e^{-i\xi x}\,dx=\frac{1}{4\sqrt{2}}\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}\left(\frac{e^{-i\xi x}}{(x-1)^2+1}-\frac{e^{-i\xi x}}{(x+1)^2+1}\right)\,dx \end{align} Let $u=x-1$ then $x=u+1$ and $dx=du$. Also, let $v=x+1$ then $x=v-1$ and $dx=dv$. Hence \begin{align} \frac{1}{4\sqrt{2}}\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}\left(\frac{e^{-i\xi x}}{(x-1)^2+1}-\frac{e^{-i\xi x}}{(x+1)^2+1}\right)\,dx&=\frac{1}{4\sqrt{2}}\left(\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}\frac{e^{-i\xi (u+1)}}{u^2+1}\,du-\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}\frac{e^{-i\xi (v-1)}}{v^2+1}\,dv\right)\\ &=\frac{1}{4\sqrt{2}}\left(e^{-i\xi}\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}\frac{e^{-i\xi u}}{u^2+1}\,du-e^{i\xi}\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}\frac{e^{-i\xi v}}{v^2+1}\,dv\right)\\ \end{align} I think the rest can be evaluated using this. I hope this really helps you. If not, please do not vote down my answer. Just ignore it. Also, thank you so much for whoever vote up my answer. I really appreciate it. ヾ(-^〇^-)ﾉ