[Math] $\epsilon$/3 – Proof for converging sequence of functions

cauchy-sequencesconvergence-divergencefunctional-analysisproof-verificationsequence-of-function

I tried to prove the following statement and would like to ask if it's okay like that.

$\underline{Statement}$:

Let [B,$||.||_B$] be a complete normed linear space, $T_n :B \rightarrow B$ a sequence of linear maps which are bounded uniformly in n. Let $D \subset B$ be a dense subset of B and $T_nx \rightarrow Tx$ if $x \in D$.
Then $T_nx \rightarrow Tx \ \ \forall x\in B $.

$\underline{Proof}:$

$(x_n)_n$ Cauchy sequence in B and B complete $\curvearrowright$ $x_n \rightarrow x \in B$, so that with $j>j_0$: $$ ||T_nx_j – T_nx||_B \leq ||T_n||~||x_j – x||_B < \frac{\epsilon}{3} \ \ (1) $$

$(x_n)_n$ Cauchy sequence in B and $j,k > k_0$, then: $$ ||T_nx_j – T_nx_k||_B \leq ||T_n||~||x_j – x_k||_B < \frac{\epsilon}{3} \ \ (2) $$

D dense in B $\curvearrowright \forall x \in B \ \exists (y_j) \subset D:~ \lim_{j \to \infty} y_j = x $;

with $y_j \in D$, $\epsilon$ fixed and $ n>n_0 \curvearrowright ||T_ny_j – Ty_j||_B < \frac{\epsilon}{3}$ so that $$ T_ny_j \rightarrow T_nx \ \ (3) $$

Pick any fixed $x \in B$, J = max{$j_0,k_0$}, then for $j,k > J$, $n > n_0$

$$ ||T_nx – Tx||_B \leq \underbrace{||T_nx-T_nx_j||_B}_{<\frac{\epsilon}{3},~(1)} + \underbrace{||T_nx_j – T_ny_j||_B}_{<\frac{\epsilon}{3},~(2)} + \underbrace{||T_ny_j – Tx||_B}_{<\frac{\epsilon}{3},~(3)} < \epsilon $$

Best Answer

Your argument is a little hard to follow. Try to write in complete sentences. State for which domains do the inequalities hold. For instance, in $(1)$ and $(2)$, do they work for every $n$ or some particular $n$? Also, you don't seem to use the hypothesis that the $(T_n)$ are uniformly bounded. If not, then how are you getting $(1)$ and $(2)$? Near inequality $(3)$, does your $n_0$ depend on $j$? What is the purpose op picking $k$ at the end? Here's a similar epsilonic argument.

Proof:

Fix $x\in B$ and let $\varepsilon>0$. Set $M:=\sup_n\|T_n\|<\infty$. Due to the density of $D$, there exists a sequence $(x_j)$ in $D$ such that $x_j\to x$. Then there is $j_0$ such that every $n\in\mathbb{N}$ and $j\geq j_0$ satisfies $$ \|T_nx_j - T_nx\| \leq \|T_n\|\|x_j-x\| \leq M\|x_j - x\| < \varepsilon/3. \tag{1}$$

Since the sequence $(x_j)$ consists of elements in $D$ and $T_nd\to Td$ for all $d\in D$, we have that for each $j$ there exists $n_j$ such that if $n\geq n_j$, then $$ \|T_nx_j-T_nx\| < \varepsilon/3. \tag{2}$$

Because $T$ is bounded (assuming this), then there is $j_1$ such that $j\geq j_1$ implies $$ \|Tx_j-Tx\| < \varepsilon/3. \tag{3} $$

If $j\geq\max\{j_0,j_1\}$ and $n\geq n_j$, then we obtain from $(1)$, $(2)$, and $(3)$ that

\begin{align*} \|T_nx-Tx\| &\leq \|T_nx-T_nx_j\|+\|T_nx_j-Tx_j\|+\|Tx_j-Tx\| \\ &< \varepsilon/3 + \varepsilon/3 + \varepsilon/3 \\ &= \varepsilon \tag*{$\square$} \end{align*}


Here's almost the same argument, except this one avoids all $\varepsilon$'s.

Proof:

Suppose $x\in B$. By the fact that $D$ is dense there exists a sequence $(x_k)$ in $D$ such that $x_k\to x$. Set $M:=\sup_{n}\|T_n\|$, which exists by hypothesis. Then, assuming that $T$ is also bounded and linear, we obtain \begin{align*} \|T_n x - Tx\| &\leq \|T_nx - T_nx_k\|+\|T_nx_k-Tx_k\|+\|Tx_k-Tx\| \\ &\leq M\|x-x_k\| + \|T_nx_k-Tx_k\|+\|T\|\|x_k-x\| \end{align*} for every $k\in\mathbb{N}$. Taking the the limit supremum of the above inequality as $n\to\infty$ yields $$ \limsup_{n\to\infty}\|T_nx-Tx\| \leq M\|x-x_k\|+\|T\||x_k-x|| $$ for every $k\in\mathbb{N}$, because $\|T_nx_k-Tx_k\|\to0$ as $n\to\infty$ by hypothesis. Finally, taking $k\to\infty$ implies $$ \limsup_{n\to\infty}\|T_nx-Tx\|\leq \lim_{k\to\infty}(M\|x-x_k\|+\|T\|\|x_k-x\|)=0. $$ Therefore $T_nx\to Tx$ for every $x\in B$. $\square$


In both proofs, there was no use of the assumption that $B$ is complete. We did however assume that $T$ was bounded and linear. Under certain hypothesis, the fact that $B$ is complete could imply that $T$ is bounded and linear on $B$. If you can clear up what we are allowed to assume about $T$, then I'll happily edit my post and add this part.