Is the solution of the problem, in how many ways can the digits $$0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9$$
be arranged so that no even digit is in its original position, is $5!D_5$.
Where $D_n$ = $n! \left( 1-\dfrac{1}{1!}+\dfrac{1}{2!}+….+(-1)^n\dfrac{1}{n!} \right)$ and denotes derangement number.
Here we find expression of $D_n$ using inclusion exclusion principle.
$P_i$: $i^{th}$ object is at it's place.
$N(P_i)$ Number of object having property $P_i$
so we have to find $N(P_1P_2….P_n)$
Best Answer
This can be done with an inclusion-exclusion argument. There are $10!$ permutations altogether. For each set of $r$ even digits there are $(10-r)!$ permutations that leave that set of digits fixed (and possibly others as well), and there are $\binom5r$ sets of $r$ even digits. Thus, the number of permutations leaving no even digit fixed is
$$\sum_{r=0}^5(-1)^r\binom5r(10-r)!=10!-5\cdot9!+10\cdot8!-10\cdot7!+5\cdot6!-5!=2,170,680\;.$$
Added: In terms of the notation in this answer to your earlier question,
$$s_r=\binom5r(10-r)!\;,$$
so $$S(x)=\sum_{r=0}^5s_rx^r=\sum_{r=0}^5\binom5r(10-r)!x^r$$ and
$$E(x)=S(x-1)=\sum_{r=0}^5s_rx^r=\sum_{r=0}^5\binom5r(10-r)!(x-1)^r\;.$$
We want
$$e_0=E(0)=\sum_{r=0}^5\binom5r(10-r)!(-1)^r\;.$$