Expanding on Christian Blatter's answer.
There are a few key points.
- The arithmetic mean of two rational numbers is always rational.
- The harmonic mean of two non-zero rational numbers is always rational.
- The geometric mean of two squared positive integers is always an integer.
- For all three types of mean if we multiply every input by a positive real value we also multiply the result by that same value.
These key points lead to a strategy for finding numbers whose am, gm and hm are all integers.
- pick a pair of integers whose GM is an integer.
- calculate the AM and HM
- multiply through by the denominators of the AM and HM.
Now to work this through, pick any two distinct positive integers $x$ and $y$.
$$\mathrm{GM}(x^2,y^2) = xy$$
$$\mathrm{AM}(x^2,y^2) = \frac{x^2+y^2}{2}$$
$$\mathrm{HM}(x^2,y^2) = \frac{2x^2y^2}{x^2+y^2}$$
Let $t = 2(x^2 + y^2)$ Let $a=tx^2$ Let $b=ty^2$. Since only addition, multiplication and squaring of positive integers is involved it is clear that $t$, $a$ and $b$ are all positive integers. It is also clear that a and b are distinct.
$$\mathrm{GM}(a,b) = txy$$
$$\mathrm{AM}(a,b) = t\frac{x^2+y^2}{2} = (x^2+y^2)^2$$
$$\mathrm{HM}(a,b) = t\frac{2x^2y^2}{x^2+y^2} = 4x^2y^2$$
Again since all these values can be calculated merely by adding, multiplying and squaring positive integers they are all positive integers.
Lets plug in some numbers, for example $x=1$ and $y=2$
$$t = 10$$
$$a = 10$$
$$b = 40$$
$$\mathrm{GM}(10,40) = 20$$
$$\mathrm{AM}(10,40) = 25$$
$$\mathrm{HM}(10,40) = 16$$
Indeed we can extend this techiquie to find an arbitary size list of integers the AM, GM, and HM of any subset of which are integers. Just start with integers of the form $x^{n!}$ so the GMs are all integers. Then work out the AMs and HMs and multiply through.
Best Answer
Question 1:
Arithmetic mean: $\frac{a+b}{2}$
Geometric mean: $\sqrt{ab}$
So the condition becomes $\frac{a+b}{2}=2\sqrt{ab}$. Square both sides to get $$ \frac{a^2+2ab+b^2}{4}=4ab $$ which, assuming $b\ne0$, results in $$ \left(\frac ab\right)^2-14\frac ab+1=0 $$ and $$ \frac ab=7\pm4\sqrt{3} $$ Then we can compute $$ \frac{a+b}{a-b}=\frac{\frac ab+1}{\frac ab-1}=\frac{4\pm2\sqrt{3}}{3\pm2\sqrt{3}}\frac{3\mp2\sqrt{3}}{3\mp2\sqrt{3}}=\pm\frac{2\sqrt{3}}{3} $$
Question 3:
The sum of all the coefficients is $(1+1)^{50}=2^{50}$
The sum of the even coefficients minus the sum of the odd coefficients is $(1-1)^{50}=0^{50}$
The sum of the odd coefficients is $\frac12(2^{50}-0^{50})=2^{49}$.