[Math] Are there many almost complex structures on a (complex) manifold

almost-complexcomplex-geometry

I guess one can have many almost complex structures on a manifold, can someone give me an example? How about when the manifold is complex? is the almost complex structure induced by the complex structure the only one?

Best Answer

Suppose $J :TM \to TM$ is an almost complex structure on $M$, and let $\varphi : TM \to TM$ be a bundle automorphism. Set $J_{\varphi} = \varphi\circ J\circ \varphi^{-1}$, then

\begin{align*} J_{\varphi}\circ J_{\varphi} &= \varphi\circ J\circ \varphi^{-1}\circ\varphi\circ J\circ \varphi^{-1}\\ &= \varphi\circ J\circ J\circ \varphi^{-1}\\ &= \varphi\circ (-\operatorname{id}_{TM})\circ\varphi^{-1}\\ &= -\varphi\circ\operatorname{id}_{TM}\circ\varphi^{-1}\\ &= -\operatorname{id}_{TM} \end{align*}

where we have used the fact that $\varphi$ is linear on fibres in the penultimate equality.

Therefore, if $M$ admits an almost complex structure $J$, every bundle automorphism $\varphi$ gives rise to another almost complex structure $J_{\varphi}$, but not every almost complex structure on $M$ arises in this way; for example, $-J$.

Note, the previous paragraph is nothing more than a global version of the following linear algebra statement: if $J$ is a matrix which squares to $-I_n$, then any matrix which is similar to $J$ also squares to $-I_n$, but not every such matrix is similar to $J$; for example, $-J$.

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