Functions vs. coordinates
Consider plots of two different functions: $f(x)$ and $g(x)$ on the same $xy$ plane. One curve will be labeled $y=f(x)$ which means "this is a set of $(x,y)$ points that satisfy $y=f(x)$ condition". The other will be labeled $y=g(x)$.
Which of these should define $y(x)$? Both? – certainly not, because $f$ and $g$ are different functions. I say: neither. The statement $y=f(x)$ is just a condition for some set of points (i.e. $(x,y)$ pairs) while $y=g(x)$ is another condition for another set of points.
Explicit definition in a form $y(x)=…$ does define a function (well, does or doesn't, read the next paragraph). In this case $y$ is just an arbitrary name and may replace $f$. The same symbol $y$ may be a coordinate on $xy$ plane, which was $xf$ plane before the name replacement. (It is only a custom to have $xy$ plane.) This "union" of function name and coordinate name may cause a problem when there is another function $g(x)$ to plot.
It should be obvious that if $y$ replaces $f$ it cannot replace $g$ that is different than $f$.
For that reason it is a good thing to have coordinates with symbols which are not function names.
Definitions vs. equations or conditions
Another problem: we often write function definitions the same way as conditions to be met or equations to solve. Compare the two:
$$cos(x) = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{(-1)^n x^{2n}}{(2n)!} $$
$$cos(x) = \frac{1}{2}$$
The former may be treated as non-geometric definition of $cos$ function. The latter is just the equation to solve for $x$. We have some experience and often feel the difference, but a person (say: Bob) completely unaware of $cos$ will be confused. Bob may find every $x$ that satisfies
$$\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{(-1)^n x^{2n}}{(2n)!} = \frac{1}{2}$$
and still will not be able to tell what number $cos(x)$ is equal to for any other $x$.
It's worse than that! Bob cannot tell what number $cos(x)$ is equal to even for $x$ being his solution, because he cannot be sure that either equation defines the function (we know it's the first one, Bob doesn't). To clarify that, let's see what happens when I change $cos$ to $sin$ only:
$$sin(x) = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{(-1)^n x^{2n}}{(2n)!} $$
$$sin(x) = \frac{1}{2}$$
We know by experience that neither of above defines $sin$. Yet these are legitimate equations to solve either separately or as a system (with empty set solution). Bob (not knowing about $sin$) may only assume that one of the equations is a definition – this will be wrong, his set of solutions will not be empty.
That's why I like the notation $f(x) \equiv …$ or the word "def" above the equality sign, or the explicit statement ("let us define…") – just to cut out possible ambiguity.
I've got the impression that you meant $y(x) \equiv 2x+4$ because there is no other expression in your example that you may want to define as $y(x)$.
Summary
Is there a difference between $y=2x+4$ and $y(x)=2x+4$?
- My answer is: in general it may be. The second form is more likely to be read as a definition of a function, yet any form may or may not be intended to be a definition. Both may be equations to solve, when $y(x)$ is defined elsewhere ($y$ may be a given number or a parameter not depending on $x$, still it can be formally written as $y(x)$). The second form states that there is some function $y(x)$; the first one may mention a function or a variable (coordinate) $y$. The coordinate (not function) interpretation allows the first form to be a condition for points (i.e. $(x,y)$ pairs) – as it may be in your example – that leaves room for another conditions for another sets of points.
Is there a difference between $y=2x+4$ and $y(x) \equiv 2x+4$?
- Yes. The second form defines a function for sure. The first one may have another meaning (explained above).
Is there a difference between $y \equiv 2x+4$ and $y(x) \equiv 2x+4$?
- There is a subtle one: from the second form we know the independent variable is $x$; it may be $x$ xor $y$ in the first one.
Is there a difference between $y(x)$ and $f(x)$?
- No. In a sense: you can name your function with any unused symbol. But if $y$ is already in use (e.g. to name a different function, coordinate, parameter) then you cannot freely rename $f$ to $y$.
Best Answer
The letter esh was introduced by Isaac Pitman in 1847, whereas the integration sign waa introduced already by Leibniz in 1675. (Cf. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esh_(letter) and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integral_symbol )