Going through my notes on predicate logic, I read the following inductive definitions:
Definition: An atomic term is either a variable or a constant. If $f$ is an $n$-place function symbol and $t_1, . . . , t_n$ are terms, then $f(t_1, . . . , t_n)$ is also a term.
Definition: An atomic formula is a string of the form $P(t_1, . . . , t_n)$ for the $n$-place predicate $P$ (which may be the equal sign) and the terms $t_1, . . . , t_n$. If $F$ and $G$ are formulas, so are
$$\neg F,(F ∧ G),(F ∨ G), ∃xF, ∀xF.$$
Definition: An occurrence of a variable $x$ in a formula $F$ is bound iff it is part of a subformula beginning with $∃x . . .$ or $∀x . . .$, in which the quantifier in question is said to bind the variable, and otherwise the occurrence is said to be free. A formula is a sentence iff no occurrence of any variable in it is free.
It seems to me that these definitions allow for formulas such as
$$\forall x\exists x (x < x)$$
to be a sentence. If so, is that not problematic? Once semantics are introduced, the interpretation gives a truth value to every sentence, but the above formula does not seem to be of the kind deserving of a truth value.
Best Answer
Yes, it is. The $\forall x$ isn’t quantifying any free variables, since there are no free variables in $\exists x \ x<x$, and the $\forall x$ is therefore called a ‘null quantifier’. However, using the standard semantics for quantifiers we can still evaluate such a statement: we effectively ask: is it true for all objects in our domain that $\exists x \ x<x$ is true? And note, if $\exists x \ x<x$ is true, then it is true that 'for all objects' $\exists x \ x<x$ is true.
Indeed, it turns out that $\forall x \ P$ is equivalent to just $P$ if $P$ does not contain any free variables. Same goes for a null existential quantifier. As such, we have the following well recognized equivalence principles:
Null Quantification
where $P$ does not contain any free variables $x$, we have:
$\forall x \ P \Leftrightarrow P$
$\exists x \ P \Leftrightarrow P$
So no, there is no problem with allowing null quantifiers. And the fact that we have multiple quantifiers quantifying over the same variable isn't an issue either. Indeed, if it helps you to think about this, we can note that $\forall x \exists x \ x < x$ is equivalent to $\forall y \exists x \ x < x$ : both have null quantifiers that can simply be removed.
In fact, sometimes when we do formal logical manipulations it is handy to allow these null quantifiers. Consider the following demonstration of one of the Prenex laws that says that if $P$ contains no free variables $x$ then $P \land \forall x Q \Leftrightarrow \forall x (P \land Q)$
Going from right to left:
$\forall x (P \land Q) \Leftrightarrow$
$\forall x \ P \land \forall x \ Q$ (by distribution of $\forall$ over $\land$) $\Leftrightarrow$
$P \land \forall x \ Q$ (by Null quantification)