a)The action that is transitive and faithful
Your Answer: Group G under addition acting on a set of integers Z
It's not an answer because you did not say how it is acting (see also Leon Aragones'comment). By the way, $\mathbb{Z}$ is always acting in a natural way on $G$ when $G$ is abelian (but the action might not be transitive).
My Hint (trivial) : The trivial group $G$ acts on $\{1\}$ trivially, this should do the job why ?
My Hint (a little less trivial) : Take $G$ a group acting on itself in some particular way...
b)The action that is transitive but is NOT faithful
Your Answer: Group G of 60 degree rotations acting on a set of Vertices of Dihedral group $D_3$ since all 3 rotations fix everything.
"set of Vertices of Dihedral group $D_3$" do you mean the set of vertices of the equilateral triangle $T$ for which $D_3=Isom(T)$? In that case there are 2 rotations which does not fix everything.
My Hint (trivial) : You should go more simple, take $X:=\{1\}$ (i.e. a set with one element) then a group $G$ always acts on $X$ (the action is unique why?). Under which conditions on $G$ is the action transitive? faithful?
My Hint (a little less trivial) : Take $G$ be a group with at least one proper subgroup $H$ which is not trivial then $G$ acts naturally on $G/H$ (left $H$-cosets). This should do the job.
c)The action that is NOT transitive but IS faithful
Can I simply say it's just a group of symmetries of a single point? Since it only has 1 element it can't be transitive, right?
It seems about right but you do need to give the whole set up.
My Hint (trivial) : Take $G$ to be the trivial group and $X$ be any set. Then there is only one action of $G$ on $X$. Under which condition on $X$ is the action transitive? faithful?
My Hint (a little less trivial) : Take $G:=GL_2(\mathbb{R})$, I claim that there is a natural action on $\mathbb{R}^2$, this one do the job.
d) The action that is NOT transitive and NOT faithful
Something that is non abelian? I don't really know.
Go simple.
My Hint (trivial) : take $G$ a group and $X$ a set. Define the action of $G$ on $X$ by $g.x:=x$. Under which conditions on $G$ and $X$ is the action transitive? faithful?
My Hint (a little less trivial) : Take $G$ be a group with at least one proper subgroup $H$ which is not trivial then $G$ acts naturally on $G/H$ (left $H$-cosets). Then $G$ also acts diagonally on $G/H\times G/H$. This should do the job.
e) The action with 2 orbits
A line with vertices 1 and 2. - The group of symmetries acting on a set of vertices.
In that case the action has only one orbit, hasn't it?
My Hint (trivial) : Trivial group and a set with two elements.
My Hint (a little less trivial) : Think about a square and an axial symmetry.
f) The action with 3 orbits
I have a triangle in my mind, but rotational symmetries of a triangle are stabilizers aren't they? Same goes for part (e).
My Hint (trivial) : Trivial group and a set with three elements.
My Hint (a little less trivial): Think about an hexagon and an axial symmetry.
If you are looking for a book which contains a lot of examples I can recommend "A first course in Abstract Algebra" by J. Fraleigh. It has too much text and examples for my taste, but it might be worth to look into. You may look into it here: http://www.vgloop.com/f-/1422977427-302599.pdf it features most of the topics listed.
Another book I have found to suit my preferences better is "Abstract Algebra, Theory and applications" by T. Judson. It presents the same topics in a more precise way than Fraleigh, although It might have less examples. http://abstract.ups.edu/download/aata-20100827.pdf
Last but not least, you should try to get your hands on "Algebra" by S. Lang. Although a bit more complicated than the previous two, but I suggest you should look into them.
Best Answer
If a group $G$ acts on another group $H$ (by automorphisms), then a distinguishing condition takes place, namely:
$$\operatorname{Fix}(g)\le H, \forall g\in G \tag 1$$
where $\operatorname{Fix}(g):=\{h\in H\mid \phi_g(h)=h\}$, being $\phi\colon G\longrightarrow \operatorname{Aut}(H)$ the action. In fact, for every $g\in G$, $\phi_g(1_H)=1_H$, whence $1_H\in\operatorname{Fix}(g)\ne\emptyset$; moreover, by definition, $\operatorname{Fix}(g)\subseteq H$; finally, for every $g\in G$ and $h_1,h_2\in\operatorname{Fix}(g)$, $\phi_g(h_1h_2^{-1})=$ $\phi_g(h_1)\phi_g(h_2^{-1})=$ $\phi_g(h_1)\phi_g(h_2)^{-1}=$ $h_1h_2^{-1}$, whence $h_1h_2^{-1}\in\operatorname{Fix}(g)$.
If $G$ and $H$ are both finite, say $G=\{g_1,\dots,g_{|G|}\}$ and $H=\{h_1,\dots,h_{|H|}\}$, then the usual equation:
$$\sum_{i=1}^{|H|}|\operatorname{Stab}(h_i)|=\sum_{j=1}^{|G|}|\operatorname{Fix}(g_j)| \tag 2$$
and the usual condition (by Burnside's Lemma):
$$|G|\mid \sum_{j=1}^{|G|}|\operatorname{Fix}(g_j)| \tag 3$$
give new opportunities, according to the fact that -by Lagrange's Theorem- the summands in the RHS of $(2)$ and in $(3)$ must all divide $|H|$.
As an entry test for this new setting, let's take $G=C_p$ and $H=C_q$, where $p$ and $q$ are distinct primes. If a nontrivial homomorphism exists, then $|\operatorname{Fix}(g_{\bar j})|=1$ and $|\operatorname{Stab}(h_{\bar i})|=1$, for some $\bar j\in \{1,\dots,p\}$, $\bar i\in\{1,\dots,q\}$. Then $(2)$ and $(3)$ yield:
$$[\space k+(q-k)p=l+(p-l)q\Longrightarrow k(p-1)=l(q-1)\space]\space\wedge\space [\space p\mid pq-l(q-1)\space ] \tag 4$$
for some $1\le k\le q$ and $1\le l\le p$. Now:
Therefore, if $p\nmid q-1$, there are no nontrivial homomorphisms $\phi\colon C_p\longrightarrow\operatorname{Aut}(C_q)$. This hasn't used any knowledge about the isomorphism class of the group $\operatorname{Aut}(C_q)$. (Incidentally, that for $p\mid q-1$ there is actually a nontrivial homomorphism $\phi$, it is shown e.g. here.)
As one more application, let's now assume $G=C_p$ and $|H|=q^2$, still with $p,q$ distinct primes. If a nontrivial homomorphism exists, then $(2)$ and $(3)$ yield:
$$[\space k+(q^2-k)p=l_0+l_1q+(p-l_0-l_1)q^2\space]\space\wedge\space [\space p\mid k\space ] \tag 5$$
for some $1\le k\le q^2$ and $1\le l_0+l_1\le p$. Since $p\mid k\Longrightarrow p\le k\le q^2$, for $p>q^2$ there are no nontrivial homomorphisms $\phi$. This suffices to give a different proof to, e.g., this question (and the conclusion doesn't change with $\Bbb Z_2\times \Bbb Z_2$ in place of $\Bbb Z_4$). Again, this hasn't used any knowledge about the isomorphism class of the group $\operatorname{Aut}(H)$.