Given non-degenerate $\triangle ABC$, define points $A^+$, $B^+$, $C^+$, $A^-$, $B^-$, $C^-$ via
$$\begin{align}
A^+ = A + \alpha^+(B-A)\frac{a}{c} &\qquad A^-=A+\alpha^-(C-A)\frac{a}{b} \\[4pt]
B^+ = B + \beta^+(C-B)\frac{b}{a} &\qquad B^-=B+ \beta^-(A-B)\frac{b}{c} \\[4pt]
C^+ = C + \gamma^+(A-C)\frac{c}{b} &\qquad C^-=C+\gamma^-(B-C)\frac{c}{a} \\[4pt]
\end{align} \tag{1}$$
for arbitrary values $\alpha^{\pm}$, $\beta^{\pm}$, $\gamma^{\pm}$. (That is, $A^+$ and $A^-$ are the translates of $A$ in directions $\overrightarrow{AB}$ and $\overrightarrow{AC}$ by signed distances $a\alpha^+$ and $a\alpha^-$, respectively.) Conway considers the case $\alpha^{\pm}=\beta^{\pm}=\gamma^{\pm}=-1$; OP considers $\alpha^{\pm}=\beta^{\pm}=\gamma^{\pm}=-1/2$. (In the cases where $\alpha^{\pm}=0$, $\beta^{\pm}=0$, or $\gamma^{\pm}=0$, some pair of the six points coincide with the corresponding vertex of the triangle.)
Via coordinates, it's not difficult (using, say, this determinant) to show that the points $A^\pm$, $B^\pm$, $C^\pm$ lie on a common conic (which may-or-may-not be an ellipse) if and only if
$$\begin{align}
0 &= (a - (b^+ + c^-)) \; (b - (c^+ + a^-))\;(c - (a^+ + b^-)) \\[4pt]
&\phantom{=}\cdot\left(
\alpha^+ \beta^+ \gamma^+ (a - c^-) (b - a^-) (c - b^-) - \alpha^- \beta^- \gamma^- (a - b^+) (b - c^+) (c - a^+)
\right)
\end{align} \tag{2}$$
where $a^\pm := a\alpha^\pm$, $b^\pm := b \beta^\pm$, $c^\pm:= c \gamma^\pm$.
Each of the first three factors of $(2)$ corresponds to a trivial case where two of our six points coincide (as the translated distances of two vertices add to the length of the side between them). The interesting condition, therefore, is
$$\alpha^+ \beta^+ \gamma^+ (a - c^-) (b - a^-) (c - b^-)
\;=\; \alpha^- \beta^- \gamma^- (a - b^+) (b - c^+) (c - a^+)
\tag{$\star$}$$
For $\alpha^\pm=\beta^\pm=\gamma^\pm=:\lambda \neq 0$ (the zero case is trivial), this reduces to
$$(1+\lambda)(a - b) (a - c) (b - c) = 0 \tag{$\star\star$}$$
Thus, for $\lambda=-1$, the six points lie on the ellipse, regardless of the shape of the original triangle; this is part of Conway's Theorem. (Showing that the conic is actually a circle in this case take a little more work.) For non-zero $\lambda\neq -1$ (in particular for OP's $\lambda=-1/2$), the six points lie on a common conic if and only if $\triangle ABC$ is isosceles. $\square$
$\newcommand{real}{\operatorname{Re}}$Set up a coordinate system where the origin is the pentagon centre; without loss of generality take the pentagon's inradius as $1$ and the tangent line as $x=-1$.
Then $a=2\tan\frac\pi5$, the pentagon circumradius $R=\sec\frac\pi5$ and $K=5\tan\frac\pi5$.
The argument of $A$ may be any angle $\theta$, but then $d_1=1+\real(Re^{i\theta})=1+R\real(e^{i\theta})$. Thus
$$d_1+d_2+d_3+d_4+d_5=5+R\real\left(\sum_{k=0}^4e^{i(\theta+2k\pi/5)}\right)$$
The terms in the sum of exponentials are the roots of $z^5=e^{5i\theta}$, so by Viète's relations that sum is the negative of the $z^4$ coefficient, which is zero. Therefore $d_1+d_2+d_3+d_4+d_5=5$ and the equation to prove reduces to $5a=2K$, which is easily seen to be true.
Best Answer
Let $r$ be the inradius of the rhombus. Clearly, since $A$ and $C$ are symmetric about $I$, as are $B$ and $D$, we have$$(n_1-r)+(n_3-r)=0,$$ $$(n_2-r)+(n_4-r)=0.$$ Hence, it suffices to prove $$2ar=A.$$ However, this is an immediate consequence of the fact that any polygon's area is equal to its semiperimeter times its inradius (whenever the latter exists). $\blacksquare$