Find the invariant manifolds of the equilibrium

dynamical systemsordinary differential equationsset-invariance

Consider the system
$$\begin{cases}\dot{x}=x+y\cos(y)\\
\dot{y}=-y
\end{cases}$$
which has the unique equilibrium point $(0,0)$. I want to find the invariant manifolds for this system. The Jacobian at the origin is
$$\begin{pmatrix}
1&1\\
0&-1
\end{pmatrix}$$
which has eigenvalues $\lambda_1=1$ and $\lambda_2=-1$. An eigenvector for $\lambda_1$ is $v_1=(1,0)^\intercal$ and for $\lambda_2$, an eigenvector is $v_2=(1,-2)^\intercal$. It is clear that the unstable manifold is the unstable subspace $\operatorname{span}(v_1)$ aka the $x$-axis. However, I am completely lost on how to find the stable manifold. How does one go about finding this?

Best Answer

You can solve for the trajectories directly. Observe, \begin{align} \frac{dx}{dy} &= \frac{\dot{x}}{\dot{y}}\\ &= \frac{x + y\cos(y)}{-y} \end{align} By Mathematica, this has the general solution \begin{align} x &= \frac{C - \cos(y)}{y} - \sin(y) \,,\quad C \in \mathbb{R} \end{align} We need $\lim_{y \to 0} x(y) = 0$, so we infer that $C = 1$. Thus, we have the equation for the unstable manifold: \begin{align} \boxed{x = \frac{1 - \cos(y)}{y} - \sin(y) } \end{align}

To verify that this is the case, we can view a plot of the phase portrait: phase portrait

If you want to play around with this, here's some Mathematica code:

sol = DSolve[{x'[y] == (x[y] + y*Cos[y])/-y, x[0] == 0}, x[y], 
    y][[1]] // FullSimplify
xmin = -4; xmax = 4; ymin = -3; ymax = 3;
cplot = ContourPlot[
   x == (x[y] /. sol), {x, xmin, xmax}, {y, ymin, ymax}, 
   ContourStyle -> {Black}];
splot = StreamPlot[{x + y*Cos[y], -y}, {x, xmin, xmax}, {y, ymin, 
    ymax}, StreamColorFunction -> "Rainbow"];
Manipulate[
 Show[splot, cplot, 
  ParametricPlot[
   Evaluate[
    First[{x[t], y[t]} /. 
      NDSolve[{x'[t] == x[t] + y[t]*Cos[y[t]], y'[t] == -y[t], 
        Thread[{x[0], y[0]} == point]}, {x, y}, {t, 0, T}]]], {t, 0, 
    T}, PlotStyle -> Red]], {{T, 20}, 1, 100}, {{point, {3, 0}}, 
  Locator}, SaveDefinitions -> True]
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