Let $
\mathbf{L}=\begin{bmatrix}
\delta&\tau&&&&O\\
\sigma&\delta&\tau&&&&\\
&\sigma&\cdot&\cdot&&\\
&&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\\
&&&\cdot&\cdot&\tau\\
O&&&&\sigma&\delta
\end{bmatrix}
$ be the $n\times n$ discrete Laplacian matrix. This is a tridiagonal Toeplitz matrix hence we know its eigenvalues and eigenvectors. The $k$-th element of the $j$-th eigenvector is thus given by
$$
v_{j,k}=\sqrt{\frac{2}{n+1}}\sin\bigg(\frac{jk\pi}{n+1}\bigg)
$$
Also, $\mathbf{L}$ has $n$ distinct non-zero eigenvalues hence it is invertible and has a basis of eigenvectors.
Now I have the vector $\mathbf{f}=\begin{bmatrix}1,1,…,1\end{bmatrix}^T$. I want to expand $\mathbf{f}$ in the eigenbasis of $\mathbf{L}$, so $\mathbf{f}=\sum_{j=1}^n\alpha_j\mathbf{v}_j$. Is there an easy trick to construct the coefficients $\alpha_j$? I was maybe thinking to exploit the orthogonality of the eigenvectors but I am not sure this is going to work.
Expansion in eigenbasis of the discrete Laplacian.
linear algebra
Best Answer
Based on the comments, it seems that you're ultimately looking for closed form for the expression $$ \alpha_j=\sum_{k=1}^n \sin\left(\frac{jk\pi}{n+1}\right). $$ Letting $\omega = \exp(\frac{i\pi}{n+1})$, we have $$ \alpha_j = \sum_{k=1}^n \operatorname{Im}[\omega^{jk}] = \operatorname{Im}\sum_{k=1}^n \omega^{jk} = \operatorname{Im}\left( \omega \cdot \sum_{k=0}^{n-1} (\omega^{j})^k\right) = \operatorname{Im} \left(\omega \cdot \frac{1 - \omega^{jn}}{1 - \omega^j}\right)\\ = \operatorname{Im} \left(\frac{\omega^{j} - \omega^{j(n+1)}}{1 - \omega^j}\right) = \operatorname{Im} \left(\frac{\omega^{j} - [\omega^{(n+1)}]^j}{1 - \omega^j}\right) = \operatorname{Im} \frac{\omega^{j} - (-1)^j }{1 - \omega^j} $$ In the case that $j$ is even, this becomes $$ \alpha_j = \operatorname{Im} \frac{\omega^{j} - 1 }{1 - \omega^j} = -\operatorname{Im} \frac{1 - \omega^j}{1 - \omega^j} = -\operatorname{Im} 1 = 0. $$ When $j$ is odd, we have $$ \operatorname{Im} \frac{1 + \omega^{j}}{1 - \omega^j}\\ = \operatorname{Im} \frac{(1 + \omega^{j})(1 - \omega^{-j})}{(1 - \omega^j)(1 - \omega^{-j})} = \operatorname{Im} \frac{\omega^j - \omega^{-j}}{|1 - \omega^j|^2} =\frac{2 \operatorname{Im}(\omega^j)}{|1 - \omega^j|^2}. $$
We then have $\operatorname{Im}(\omega^j) = \sin(j\pi/(n+1))$ and $$ |1 - \omega^j|^2 = [1-\cos(j\pi/(n+1))]^2 + \sin^2(j\pi/(n+1))\\ = 2 - 2\cos(j\pi/(n+1)). $$ All together: for odd $j$, $$ \alpha_j = \frac{\sin(j\pi/(n+1))}{1 - \cos(j\pi/(n+1))}. $$ In fact, we have the identity $\frac{\sin x}{1 - \cos x} = \cot(x/2)$, so the above can be written as $$ \alpha_j = \cot\left(\frac{j\pi}{2(n+1)}\right) = \cot\left(\frac{j}{n+1}\cdot\frac{\pi}{2}\right). $$ Since $\cot(x)$ is decreasing on the interval $(0,\pi/2]$, we see that for odd $j$, the $\alpha_j$ decrease as $j$ increases.