Series – Evaluate Given Infinite Series

closed-formgenerating-functionssequences-and-series

I encountered the following series while evaluating an integral

\begin{equation}
\sum_{n=1}^\infty\binom{n}{n/2}\frac{(-1)^{n}}{n(2a)^n}, \quad a\in\mathbb{R}
\end{equation}

and am looking for a closed form. I have looked up generating functions and found some close candidates such as,

\begin{equation}
\sum_{n=1}^\infty\binom{2n}{n}\frac{x^n}{4^nn}
= 2\log\left(\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{1-x}}\right)
\end{equation}

but I can't figure out how to deal with the $\binom{n}{n/2}$ term. Looking at the power series for $(1+x)^n$, I assume finding such a function may be difficult, but I hope a closed form exists.

I will be happy to add my evaluation of the original integral up to the point where the series appears, if that may be necessary.

Thank you in advance.

Edit:

Here is the integral I was evaluating,
$$J(a)=\int_0^{\pi/2}\log\left(1+\frac{\sin x}{a}\right)\ dx,\quad a\in\mathbb{R}$$
which comes from this post, and the derivations of the series are in my answer there. I hope this helps @ClaudeLeibovici.

Best Answer

Let $x=-\frac 1 {2a}$ and consider $$S(x)=\sum_{n=1}^\infty \binom{n}{\frac{n}{2}}\frac{x^n}{n} $$ $$S'(x)=\sum_{n=1}^\infty \binom{n}{\frac{n}{2}}x^{n-1}=\frac{1}{x \sqrt{1-4 x^2}}-\frac{1}{x}+\frac{2 \sin ^{-1}(2 x)}{\pi x \sqrt{1-4 x^2}}$$ Integrating (do not forget the integration constant which is $\log(2)$) $$S(x)=\log \left(\frac{1-\sqrt{1-4 x^2}}{2 x^2}\right)+\frac 2 \pi \int \frac{\sin ^{-1}(2 x)}{ x \sqrt{1-4 x^2}}\,dx$$ Now, the problem is $$I=\int \frac{\sin ^{-1}(2 x)}{ x \sqrt{1-4 x^2}}\,dx$$ Integrating by parts $$I=-\sin ^{-1}(2 x) \tanh ^{-1}\left(\sqrt{1-4 x^2}\right)+2\int \frac{\tanh ^{-1}\left(\sqrt{1-4 x^2}\right)}{\sqrt{1-4 x^2}}\,dx$$ $$J=\int \frac{\tanh ^{-1}\left(\sqrt{1-4 x^2}\right)}{\sqrt{1-4 x^2}}\,dx$$ Using $t=\tanh ^{-1}\left(\sqrt{1-4 x^2}\right)$ $$J=-i\frac{x}{\sqrt{x^2}}\left(t\, \log \left(\frac{e^t-i}{e^t+i}\right)+\text{Li}_2\left(-i e^{-t}\right)-\text{Li}_2\left(i e^{-t}\right) \right)$$

Edit

From a formal point of view, the best expression is $$S(x)=\log \left(\frac{1-\sqrt{1-4 x^2}}{2 x^2}\right)+\frac {4x} \pi \,\, _3F_2\left(\frac{1}{2},1,1;\frac{3}{2},\frac{3}{2};4 x^2\right)$$ which has been obtained separating the odd and even terms.

So, the sum is title is $$\large\color{blue}{\log \left(2 a \left(a-\sqrt{a^2-1}\right)\right)-\frac{2}{a\pi }\,\, _3F_2\left(\frac{1}{2},1,1;\frac{3}{2},\frac{3}{2};\frac{1}{a^2}\right)}$$

Related Solutions

Integration – Solving ??¹ (log(1-x²) sin?¹(x)² / x²) dx

(Please forgive the length of what follows. I wanted my response to be accessible to as broad of an audience as possible.)

Part 1:

Our main objective is to evaluate the following definite integral:

$$\mathcal{I}:=\int_{0}^{1}\frac{\ln{\left(1-x^{2}\right)}\arcsin^{2}{\left(x\right)}}{x^{2}}\,\mathrm{d}x.\tag{1}$$

It will be shown that the value of $\mathcal{I}$ is

$$\mathcal{I}=7\,\zeta{\left(3\right)}-\frac{\pi^{2}}{2}\ln{\left(2\right)}-\frac{\pi^{3}}{2}+8\ln{\left(2\right)}\,G+4\,{_4F_3}{\left(\frac12,\frac12,1,1;\frac32,\frac32,\frac32;1\right)}.$$

For our purposes here, it will be convenient to define elementary transcendental functions such as the logarithm and inverse trigonometric functions via their usual integral representations. In particular, for real argument $x\in\mathbb{R}$ we have

$$\ln{\left(x\right)}:=\int_{x}^{1}\frac{\left(-1\right)}{t}\,\mathrm{d}t;~~~\small{x>0},$$

and

$$\arcsin{\left(x\right)}:=\int_{0}^{x}\frac{\mathrm{d}t}{\sqrt{1-t^{2}}};~~~\small{\left|x\right|\le1}.$$

Consider the following antiderivative:

$$\begin{align} \int\frac{\ln{\left(1-x^{2}\right)}}{x^{2}}\,\mathrm{d}x &=\int\frac{\left(-1\right)\operatorname{Li}_{1}{\left(x^{2}\right)}}{x^{2}}\,\mathrm{d}x\\ &=\frac{\operatorname{Li}_{1}{\left(x^{2}\right)}}{x}-\int\frac{2\operatorname{Li}_{0}{\left(x^{2}\right)}}{x^{2}}\,\mathrm{d}x;~~~\small{I.B.P.s}\\ &=\frac{\operatorname{Li}_{1}{\left(x^{2}\right)}}{x}-\int\frac{2}{1-x^{2}}\,\mathrm{d}x\\ &=\frac{\operatorname{Li}_{1}{\left(x^{2}\right)}}{x}-2\operatorname{arctanh}{\left(x\right)}+\color{grey}{constant}.\tag{2}\\ \end{align}$$

Using the above result, we begin to attack $\mathcal{I}$ with integration by parts. We obtain

$$\begin{align} \mathcal{I} &=\int_{0}^{1}\frac{\ln{\left(1-x^{2}\right)}\arcsin^{2}{\left(x\right)}}{x^{2}}\,\mathrm{d}x\\ &=\left[\left(\frac{\operatorname{Li}_{1}{\left(x^{2}\right)}}{x}-2\operatorname{arctanh}{\left(x\right)}\right)\arcsin^{2}{\left(x\right)}\right]_{x=0}^{x=1}\\ &~~~~~-\int_{0}^{1}\left[\frac{\operatorname{Li}_{1}{\left(x^{2}\right)}}{x}-2\operatorname{arctanh}{\left(x\right)}\right]\frac{2\arcsin{\left(x\right)}}{\sqrt{1-x^{2}}}\,\mathrm{d}x;~~~\small{I.B.P.s}\\ &=\arcsin^{2}{\left(1\right)}\lim_{x\to1}\left[-\frac{\left(1-x\right)\ln{\left(1-x\right)}+\left(1+x\right)\ln{\left(1+x\right)}}{x}\right]\\ &~~~~~+\int_{0}^{1}\frac{4\operatorname{arctanh}{\left(x\right)}\arcsin{\left(x\right)}}{\sqrt{1-x^{2}}}\,\mathrm{d}x-\int_{0}^{1}\frac{2\operatorname{Li}_{1}{\left(x^{2}\right)}\arcsin{\left(x\right)}}{x\sqrt{1-x^{2}}}\,\mathrm{d}x\\ &=-\frac{\pi^{2}}{2}\ln{\left(2\right)}\\ &~~~~~+\int_{0}^{1}\frac{2\left[\arcsin^{2}{\left(1\right)}-\arcsin^{2}{\left(x\right)}\right]}{1-x^{2}}\,\mathrm{d}x;~~~\small{I.B.P.s}\\ &~~~~~+\int_{0}^{1}\frac{2\ln{\left(1-x^{2}\right)}\arcsin{\left(x\right)}}{x\sqrt{1-x^{2}}}\,\mathrm{d}x\\ &=-\frac{\pi^{2}}{2}\ln{\left(2\right)}\\ &~~~~~+\int_{0}^{1}\frac{\left[\arcsin^{2}{\left(1\right)}-\arcsin^{2}{\left(\frac{1-y}{1+y}\right)}\right]}{y}\,\mathrm{d}y;~~~\small{\left[\frac{1-x}{1+x}=y\right]}\\ &~~~~~+\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\frac{2\theta\ln{\left(\cos^{2}{\left(\theta\right)}\right)}}{\sin{\left(\theta\right)}}\,\mathrm{d}\theta;~~~\small{\left[\arcsin{\left(x\right)}=\theta\right]}\\ &=-\frac{\pi^{2}}{2}\ln{\left(2\right)}+\int_{0}^{1}\frac{\frac{\pi^{2}}{4}-\arcsin^{2}{\left(\frac{1-y}{1+y}\right)}}{y}\,\mathrm{d}y\\ &~~~~~-4\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\theta\csc{\left(\theta\right)}\ln{\left(\sec{\left(\theta\right)}\right)}\,\mathrm{d}\theta.\tag{3}\\ \end{align}$$

Let $\mathcal{J}$ denote the final log-trig integral in the last line above:

$$\mathcal{J}:=\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\theta\csc{\left(\theta\right)}\ln{\left(\sec{\left(\theta\right)}\right)}\,\mathrm{d}\theta.\tag{4}$$

The integral $\mathcal{J}$ is by far the more difficult of the two remaining integrals we need to evaluate, so let's save that for last.

Now, the following trigonometric identity may be readily verified:

$$\arcsin{\left(\frac{1-y}{1+y}\right)}=\frac{\pi}{2}-2\arctan{\left(\sqrt{y}\right)};~~~\small{y\ge0}.\tag{5}$$

Continuing we our main calculation,

$$\begin{align} \mathcal{I} &=\small{-\frac{\pi^{2}}{2}\ln{\left(2\right)}+\int_{0}^{1}\frac{\frac{\pi^{2}}{4}-\arcsin^{2}{\left(\frac{1-y}{1+y}\right)}}{y}\,\mathrm{d}y-4\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\theta\csc{\left(\theta\right)}\ln{\left(\sec{\left(\theta\right)}\right)}\,\mathrm{d}\theta}\\ &=-4\,\mathcal{J}-\frac{\pi^{2}}{2}\ln{\left(2\right)}+\int_{0}^{1}\frac{\frac{\pi^{2}}{4}-\left[\frac{\pi}{2}-2\arctan{\left(\sqrt{y}\right)}\right]^{2}}{y}\,\mathrm{d}y\\ &=-4\,\mathcal{J}-\frac{\pi^{2}}{2}\ln{\left(2\right)}+\int_{0}^{1}\frac{4\arctan{\left(\sqrt{y}\right)}\left[\frac{\pi}{2}-\arctan{\left(\sqrt{y}\right)}\right]}{y}\,\mathrm{d}y\\ &=-4\,\mathcal{J}-\frac{\pi^{2}}{2}\ln{\left(2\right)}+\int_{0}^{1}\frac{2\pi\arctan{\left(\sqrt{y}\right)}-4\arctan^{2}{\left(\sqrt{y}\right)}}{y}\,\mathrm{d}y\\ &=-4\,\mathcal{J}-\frac{\pi^{2}}{2}\ln{\left(2\right)}+\int_{0}^{1}\frac{4\pi\arctan{\left(x\right)}-8\arctan^{2}{\left(x\right)}}{x}\,\mathrm{d}x;~~~\small{\left[\sqrt{y}=x\right]}\\ &=-\frac{\pi^{2}}{2}\ln{\left(2\right)}+4\pi\int_{0}^{1}\frac{\arctan{\left(x\right)}}{x}\,\mathrm{d}x-8\int_{0}^{1}\frac{\arctan^{2}{\left(x\right)}}{x}\,\mathrm{d}x-4\,\mathcal{J}\\ &=-\frac{\pi^{2}}{2}\ln{\left(2\right)}+4\pi\operatorname{Ti}_{2}{\left(1\right)}-\int_{0}^{1}\frac{8\arctan^{2}{\left(x\right)}}{x}\,\mathrm{d}x-4\,\mathcal{J},\\ \end{align}$$

where $\operatorname{Ti}_{2}{\left(z\right)}$ is an auxiliary polylogarithmic function known as the inverse tangent integral. It's value at unity is simply Catalan's constant, which I'll be denoting by $G$.

As for the integral $\int_{0}^{1}\frac{8\arctan^{2}{\left(x\right)}}{x}\,\mathrm{d}x$, it is shown below in the first appendix that

$$\int_{0}^{1}\frac{8\arctan^{2}{\left(x\right)}}{x}\,\mathrm{d}x=4\pi\,G-7\,\zeta{\left(3\right)}.$$

Then,

$$\begin{align} \mathcal{I} &=-\frac{\pi^{2}}{2}\ln{\left(2\right)}+4\pi\operatorname{Ti}_{2}{\left(1\right)}-\int_{0}^{1}\frac{8\arctan^{2}{\left(x\right)}}{x}\,\mathrm{d}x-4\,\mathcal{J}\\ &=-\frac{\pi^{2}}{2}\ln{\left(2\right)}+4\pi\,G-\left[4\pi\,G-7\,\zeta{\left(3\right)}\right]-4\,\mathcal{J}\\ &=7\,\zeta{\left(3\right)}-3\ln{\left(2\right)}\,\zeta{\left(2\right)}-4\,\mathcal{J}.\tag{6}\\ \end{align}$$

Part 2:

Assuming $-\frac{\pi}{2}\le\theta\le\frac{\pi}{2}$, the following definite integral may be evaluated in terms of the Legendre chi function:

$$\begin{align} \int_{0}^{\theta}\csc{\left(\varphi\right)}\ln{\left(\sec{\left(\varphi\right)}\right)}\,\mathrm{d}\varphi &=\int_{0}^{\tan{\left(\frac{\theta}{2}\right)}}t^{-1}\ln{\left(\frac{1+t^{2}}{1-t^{2}}\right)}\,\mathrm{d}t;~~~\small{\left[\tan{\left(\frac{\varphi}{2}\right)}=t\right]}\\ &=\int_{0}^{\tan^{2}{\left(\frac{\theta}{2}\right)}}\frac{\ln{\left(\frac{1+x}{1-x}\right)}}{2x}\,\mathrm{d}x;~~~\small{\left[t^{2}=x\right]}\\ &=\int_{0}^{\tan^{2}{\left(\frac{\theta}{2}\right)}}\frac{\operatorname{arctanh}{\left(x\right)}}{x}\,\mathrm{d}x\\ &=\chi_{2}{\left(\tan^{2}{\left(\frac{\theta}{2}\right)}\right)}.\\ \end{align}$$

The Legendre chi function evaluated at unity takes the special value,

$$\chi_{2}{\left(1\right)}=\frac34\,\zeta{\left(2\right)}=\frac{\pi^{2}}{8}.$$

Using the above integral to integrate $\mathcal{J}$ by parts, we find

$$\begin{align} \mathcal{J} &=\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\theta\csc{\left(\theta\right)}\ln{\left(\sec{\left(\theta\right)}\right)}\,\mathrm{d}\theta\\ &=\lim_{\theta\to\frac{\pi}{2}}\theta\int_{0}^{\theta}\csc{\left(\varphi\right)}\ln{\left(\sec{\left(\varphi\right)}\right)}\,\mathrm{d}\varphi-\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\mathrm{d}\theta\int_{0}^{\theta}\mathrm{d}\varphi\,\csc{\left(\varphi\right)}\ln{\left(\sec{\left(\varphi\right)}\right)}\\ &=\lim_{\theta\to\frac{\pi}{2}}\theta\,\chi_{2}{\left(\tan^{2}{\left(\frac{\theta}{2}\right)}\right)}-\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\chi_{2}{\left(\tan^{2}{\left(\frac{\theta}{2}\right)}\right)}\,\mathrm{d}\theta\\ &=\frac{\pi}{2}\,\chi_{2}{\left(\tan^{2}{\left(\frac{\pi}{4}\right)}\right)}-\int_{0}^{1}\frac{2\,\chi_{2}{\left(t^{2}\right)}}{1+t^{2}}\,\mathrm{d}t;~~~\small{\left[\tan{\left(\frac{\theta}{2}\right)}=t\right]}\\ &=\frac{\pi}{2}\,\chi_{2}{\left(1\right)}-\int_{0}^{1}\frac{\chi_{2}{\left(u\right)}}{\left(1+u\right)\sqrt{u}}\,\mathrm{d}u;~~~\small{\left[t^{2}=u\right]}\\ &=\frac{\pi}{2}\,\chi_{2}{\left(1\right)}-\int_{0}^{1}\frac{\chi_{2}{\left(\frac{1-x}{1+x}\right)}}{\sqrt{1-x^{2}}}\,\mathrm{d}x;~~~\small{\left[u=\frac{1-x}{1+x}\right]}\\ &=\frac{\pi}{2}\,\chi_{2}{\left(1\right)}-\int_{0}^{1}\frac{\chi_{2}{\left(1\right)}+\ln{\left(x\right)}\operatorname{arctanh}{\left(x\right)}-\chi_{2}{\left(x\right)}}{\sqrt{1-x^{2}}}\,\mathrm{d}x\\ &=\frac{\pi}{2}\,\chi_{2}{\left(1\right)}-\chi_{2}{\left(1\right)}\int_{0}^{1}\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\sqrt{1-x^{2}}}-\int_{0}^{1}\frac{\ln{\left(x\right)}\operatorname{arctanh}{\left(x\right)}}{\sqrt{1-x^{2}}}\,\mathrm{d}x+\int_{0}^{1}\frac{\chi_{2}{\left(x\right)}}{\sqrt{1-x^{2}}}\,\mathrm{d}x\\ &=\frac{\pi}{2}\,\chi_{2}{\left(1\right)}-\frac{\pi}{2}\,\chi_{2}{\left(1\right)}\\ &~~~~~+\int_{0}^{1}\frac{\operatorname{arctanh}{\left(x\right)}\arcsin{\left(x\right)}}{x}\,\mathrm{d}x+\int_{0}^{1}\frac{\ln{\left(x\right)}\arcsin{\left(x\right)}}{1-x^{2}}\,\mathrm{d}x;~~~\small{I.B.P.s}\\ &~~~~~+\int_{0}^{1}\frac{\chi_{2}{\left(x\right)}}{\sqrt{1-x^{2}}}\,\mathrm{d}x\\ &=\int_{0}^{1}\left[\frac{\operatorname{arctanh}{\left(x\right)}\arcsin{\left(x\right)}}{x}+\frac{\chi_{2}{\left(x\right)}}{\sqrt{1-x^{2}}}\right]\,\mathrm{d}x+\int_{0}^{1}\frac{\ln{\left(x\right)}\arcsin{\left(x\right)}}{1-x^{2}}\,\mathrm{d}x\\ &=\frac{\pi}{2}\,\chi_{2}{\left(1\right)}-\int_{0}^{1}\frac{\ln{\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)}\arcsin{\left(x\right)}}{1-x^{2}}\,\mathrm{d}x\\ &=:\frac{\pi}{2}\,\chi_{2}{\left(1\right)}-\mathcal{K},\\ \end{align}$$

where in the last line above we've implicitly defined $\mathcal{K}$ to denote the integral

$$\mathcal{K}:=\int_{0}^{1}\frac{\ln{\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)}\arcsin{\left(x\right)}}{1-x^{2}}\,\mathrm{d}x.$$

Part 3:

We now find a closed form evaluation for the integral $\mathcal{K}$ in terms of generalized hypergeometrics. To begin, we can reduce $\mathcal{K}$ to a triple integral of a simple (relatively speaking) algebraic integrand over the unit cube:

$$\begin{align} \mathcal{K} &=\int_{0}^{1}\frac{\ln{\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)}\arcsin{\left(x\right)}}{1-x^{2}}\,\mathrm{d}x\\ &=-\int_{0}^{1}\frac{\ln{\left(x\right)}\arcsin{\left(x\right)}}{1-x^{2}}\,\mathrm{d}x\\ &=-\int_{0}^{1}\mathrm{d}x\,\frac{\arcsin{\left(x\right)}}{\left(1-x^{2}\right)}\int_{x}^{1}\mathrm{d}z\,\frac{\left(-1\right)}{z}\\ &=\int_{0}^{1}\mathrm{d}x\int_{x}^{1}\mathrm{d}z\,\frac{\arcsin{\left(x\right)}}{\left(1-x^{2}\right)z}\\ &=\int_{0}^{1}\mathrm{d}x\int_{x}^{1}\mathrm{d}z\,\frac{1}{\left(1-x^{2}\right)z}\int_{0}^{x}\mathrm{d}y\,\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-y^{2}}}\\ &=\int_{0}^{1}\mathrm{d}x\int_{x}^{1}\mathrm{d}z\int_{0}^{x}\mathrm{d}y\,\frac{1}{\left(1-x^{2}\right)z\sqrt{1-y^{2}}}\\ &=\int_{0}^{1}\mathrm{d}z\int_{0}^{z}\mathrm{d}x\int_{0}^{x}\mathrm{d}y\,\frac{1}{z\left(1-x^{2}\right)\sqrt{1-y^{2}}}\\ &=\int_{0}^{1}\mathrm{d}z\int_{0}^{1}\mathrm{d}t\int_{0}^{zt}\mathrm{d}y\,\frac{1}{\left(1-z^{2}t^{2}\right)\sqrt{1-y^{2}}};~~~\small{\left[x=zt\right]}\\ &=\int_{0}^{1}\mathrm{d}z\int_{0}^{1}\mathrm{d}t\int_{0}^{1}\mathrm{d}u\,\frac{zt}{\left(1-z^{2}t^{2}\right)\sqrt{1-z^{2}t^{2}u^{2}}};~~~\small{\left[y=ztu\right]}\\ &=\frac12\int_{0}^{1}\mathrm{d}x\int_{0}^{1}\mathrm{d}t\int_{0}^{1}\mathrm{d}u\,\frac{t}{\left(1-xt^{2}\right)\sqrt{1-xt^{2}u^{2}}};~~~\small{\left[z^{2}=x\right]}\\ &=\frac14\int_{0}^{1}\mathrm{d}x\int_{0}^{1}\mathrm{d}y\int_{0}^{1}\mathrm{d}u\,\frac{1}{\left(1-xy\right)\sqrt{1-xyu^{2}}};~~~\small{\left[t^{2}=y\right]}\\ &=\frac18\int_{0}^{1}\mathrm{d}x\int_{0}^{1}\mathrm{d}y\int_{0}^{1}\mathrm{d}z\,\frac{1}{\left(1-xy\right)\sqrt{z\left(1-xyz\right)}};~~~\small{\left[u^{2}=z\right]}\\ &=\frac18\int_{0}^{1}\mathrm{d}x\int_{0}^{1}\mathrm{d}z\int_{0}^{1}\mathrm{d}y\,\frac{1}{\left(1-xy\right)\sqrt{z\left(1-zxy\right)}}\\ &=\frac18\int_{0}^{1}\mathrm{d}x\int_{0}^{1}\mathrm{d}z\,\frac{1}{\sqrt{z}}\int_{0}^{1}\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\left(1-xy\right)\sqrt{1-zxy}}.\\ \end{align}$$

Using the machinery of hypergeometric functions to solve the integrals, we arrive at

$$\begin{align} \mathcal{K} &=\frac18\int_{0}^{1}\mathrm{d}x\int_{0}^{1}\mathrm{d}z\,\frac{1}{\sqrt{z}}\int_{0}^{1}\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\left(1-xy\right)\sqrt{1-zxy}}\\ &=\frac18\int_{0}^{1}\mathrm{d}x\int_{0}^{1}\mathrm{d}z\,\frac{1}{\sqrt{z}}\,F_{1}{\left(1;1,\frac12;2;x,zx\right)}\\ &=\small{\int_{0}^{1}\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{4x}\int_{0}^{1}\frac{\mathrm{d}z}{\sqrt{z\left(1-xz\right)}}\left[{_2F_1}{\left(1,\frac12;\frac32;\frac{1-z}{1-xz}\right)}-\sqrt{1-xz}\,{_2F_1}{\left(1,\frac12;\frac32;1-z\right)}\right]}\\ &=\small{\frac14\int_{0}^{1}\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{x}\,\left[\int_{0}^{1}\frac{\mathrm{d}z}{\sqrt{z\left(1-xz\right)}}\,{_2F_1}{\left(1,\frac12;\frac32;\frac{1-z}{1-xz}\right)}-\int_{0}^{1}\frac{\mathrm{d}z}{\sqrt{z}}\,{_2F_1}{\left(1,\frac12;\frac32;1-z\right)}\right]}\\ &=\frac14\int_{0}^{1}\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{x}\,\bigg{[}\int_{0}^{1}\mathrm{d}w\,\frac{\sqrt{1-x}}{\left(1-xw\right)\sqrt{1-w}}\,{_2F_1}{\left(1,\frac12;\frac32;w\right)};~~~\small{\left[\frac{1-z}{1-xz}=w\right]}\\ &~~~~~-\int_{0}^{1}\frac{\mathrm{d}t}{\sqrt{1-t}}\,{_2F_1}{\left(1,\frac12;\frac32;t\right)}\bigg{]};~~~\small{\left[z=1-t\right]}\\ &=\frac14\int_{0}^{1}\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{x}\int_{0}^{1}\frac{\mathrm{d}t}{\sqrt{1-t}}\,\left[\frac{\sqrt{1-x}}{\left(1-xt\right)}-1\right]\,{_2F_1}{\left(1,\frac12;\frac32;t\right)}\\ &=\frac14\int_{0}^{1}\frac{\mathrm{d}t}{\sqrt{1-t}}\int_{0}^{1}\mathrm{d}x\,\left[\frac{1-x}{x\left(1-tx\right)\sqrt{1-x}}-\frac{1}{x}\right]\,{_2F_1}{\left(1,\frac12;\frac32;t\right)}\\ &=\frac14\int_{0}^{1}\frac{\mathrm{d}t}{\sqrt{1-t}}\int_{0}^{1}\mathrm{d}x\,\left[\frac{1}{x\sqrt{1-x}}-\frac{1-t}{\left(1-tx\right)\sqrt{1-x}}-\frac{1}{x}\right]\,{_2F_1}{\left(1,\frac12;\frac32;t\right)}\\ &=\frac14\int_{0}^{1}\frac{\mathrm{d}t}{\sqrt{1-t}}\,\left[\int_{0}^{1}\mathrm{d}x\,\frac{1-\sqrt{1-x}}{x\sqrt{1-x}}-\int_{0}^{1}\mathrm{d}x\,\frac{1-t}{\left(1-tx\right)\sqrt{1-x}}\right]\,{_2F_1}{\left(1,\frac12;\frac32;t\right)}\\ &=\frac14\int_{0}^{1}\frac{\mathrm{d}t}{\sqrt{1-t}}\,\left[\int_{0}^{1}\mathrm{d}y\,\frac{2}{2-y}-2\left(1-t\right)\int_{0}^{1}\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{2\left(1-tx\right)\sqrt{1-x}}\right]\,\\ &~~~~~\times{_2F_1}{\left(1,\frac12;\frac32;t\right)};~~~\small{\left[1-\sqrt{1-x}=y\right]}\\ &=\frac12\int_{0}^{1}\frac{\mathrm{d}t}{\sqrt{1-t}}\,\left[\int_{0}^{1}\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{2-y}-\left(1-t\right)\,{_2F_1}{\left(1,1;\frac32;t\right)}\right]\,{_2F_1}{\left(1,\frac12;\frac32;t\right)}\\ &=\frac12\int_{0}^{1}\frac{\mathrm{d}t}{\sqrt{1-t}}\,\left[\ln{\left(2\right)}-\left(1-t\right)\,{_2F_1}{\left(1,1;\frac32;t\right)}\right]\,{_2F_1}{\left(1,\frac12;\frac32;t\right)}\\ &=\frac12\ln{\left(2\right)}\int_{0}^{1}\frac{\mathrm{d}t}{\sqrt{1-t}}\,{_2F_1}{\left(1,\frac12;\frac32;t\right)}\\ &~~~~~-\frac12\int_{0}^{1}\mathrm{d}t\,\sqrt{1-t}\,{_2F_1}{\left(1,\frac12;\frac32;t\right)}\,{_2F_1}{\left(1,1;\frac32;t\right)}\\ &=\ln{\left(2\right)}\,{_3F_2}{\left(1,\frac12,1;\frac32,\frac32;1\right)}-\frac12\int_{0}^{1}\mathrm{d}t\,{_2F_1}{\left(\frac12,1;\frac32;t\right)}\,{_2F_1}{\left(\frac12,\frac12;\frac32;t\right)}\\ &=\ln{\left(2\right)}\,{_3F_2}{\left(\frac12,1,1;\frac32,\frac32;1\right)}-\frac12\int_{0}^{1}\mathrm{d}t\,\frac{\operatorname{arctanh}{\left(\sqrt{t}\right)}\arcsin{\left(\sqrt{t}\right)}}{t}\\ &=\ln{\left(2\right)}\,{_3F_2}{\left(\frac12,1,1;\frac32,\frac32;1\right)}-\int_{0}^{1}\mathrm{d}x\,\frac{\operatorname{arctanh}{\left(x\right)}\arcsin{\left(x\right)}}{x};~~~\small{\left[\sqrt{t}=x\right]}\\ &=\ln{\left(2\right)}\,{_3F_2}{\left(\frac12,1,1;\frac32,\frac32;1\right)}-\frac{\pi}{2}\,\chi_{2}{\left(1\right)}+\int_{0}^{1}\mathrm{d}x\,\frac{\chi_{2}{\left(x\right)}}{\sqrt{1-x^{2}}};~~~\small{I.B.P.s}\\ &=\ln{\left(2\right)}\,{_3F_2}{\left(\frac12,1,1;\frac32,\frac32;1\right)}-\frac{\pi}{2}\,\chi_{2}{\left(1\right)}+\int_{0}^{1}\mathrm{d}t\,\frac{\chi_{2}{\left(\sqrt{t}\right)}}{2\sqrt{t\left(1-t\right)}};~~~\small{\left[x=\sqrt{t}\right]}\\ &=\ln{\left(2\right)}\,{_3F_2}{\left(\frac12,1,1;\frac32,\frac32;1\right)}-\frac{\pi}{2}\,\chi_{2}{\left(1\right)}+\int_{0}^{1}\mathrm{d}t\,\frac{1}{2\sqrt{1-t}}\,{_3F_2}{\left(\frac12,\frac12,1;\frac32,\frac32;t\right)}\\ &=-\frac{\pi}{2}\,\chi_{2}{\left(1\right)}+\ln{\left(2\right)}\,{_3F_2}{\left(\frac12,1,1;\frac32,\frac32;1\right)}+{_4F_3}{\left(\frac12,\frac12,1,1;\frac32,\frac32,\frac32;1\right)}.\tag{7}\\ \end{align}$$

The ${_3F_2}$ turns out to be simply an integer multiple of Catalan's constant. It's value is derived in the second appendix below.

Thus,

$$\begin{align} \mathcal{J} &=\frac{\pi}{2}\,\chi_{2}{\left(1\right)}-\mathcal{K}\\ &=\pi\,\chi_{2}{\left(1\right)}-\ln{\left(2\right)}\,{_3F_2}{\left(\frac12,1,1;\frac32,\frac32;1\right)}-{_4F_3}{\left(\frac12,\frac12,1,1;\frac32,\frac32,\frac32;1\right)}\\ &=\pi\,\chi_{2}{\left(1\right)}-2\ln{\left(2\right)}\,G-{_4F_3}{\left(\frac12,\frac12,1,1;\frac32,\frac32,\frac32;1\right)}.\\ \end{align}$$

Finally,

$$\begin{align} \mathcal{I} &=7\,\zeta{\left(3\right)}-3\ln{\left(2\right)}\,\zeta{\left(2\right)}-4\,\mathcal{J}\\ &=7\,\zeta{\left(3\right)}-\frac{\pi^{2}}{2}\ln{\left(2\right)}-4\left[\pi\,\chi_{2}{\left(1\right)}-2\ln{\left(2\right)}\,G-{_4F_3}{\left(\frac12,\frac12,1,1;\frac32,\frac32,\frac32;1\right)}\right]\\ &=7\,\zeta{\left(3\right)}-\frac{\pi^{2}}{2}\ln{\left(2\right)}-\frac{\pi^{3}}{2}+8\ln{\left(2\right)}\,G+4\,{_4F_3}{\left(\frac12,\frac12,1,1;\frac32,\frac32,\frac32;1\right)}.\blacksquare\\ \end{align}$$

Appendix 1:

$$\begin{align} \int_{0}^{1}\frac{8\arctan^{2}{\left(x\right)}}{x}\,\mathrm{d}x &=\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\theta^{2}\cot{\left(\frac{\theta}{2}\right)}\sec^{2}{\left(\frac{\theta}{2}\right)}\,\mathrm{d}\theta;~~~\small{\left[2\arctan{\left(x\right)}=\theta\right]}\\ &=\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\frac{2\theta^{2}}{2\sin{\left(\frac{\theta}{2}\right)}\cos{\left(\frac{\theta}{2}\right)}}\,\mathrm{d}\theta\\ &=\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\frac{2\theta^{2}}{\sin{\left(\theta\right)}}\,\mathrm{d}\theta\\ &=-\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}4\theta\ln{\left(\tan{\left(\frac{\theta}{2}\right)}\right)}\,\mathrm{d}\theta\\ &=-\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}4\theta\ln{\left(\sin{\left(\frac{\theta}{2}\right)}\right)}\,\mathrm{d}\theta+\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}4\theta\ln{\left(\cos{\left(\frac{\theta}{2}\right)}\right)}\,\mathrm{d}\theta\\ &=-\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}4\theta\ln{\left(\sin{\left(\frac{\theta}{2}\right)}\right)}\,\mathrm{d}\theta+\int_{\frac{\pi}{2}}^{\pi}4\left(\pi-\theta\right)\ln{\left(\sin{\left(\frac{\theta}{2}\right)}\right)}\,\mathrm{d}\theta\\ &=-\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}4\theta\ln{\left(\sin{\left(\frac{\theta}{2}\right)}\right)}\,\mathrm{d}\theta-\int_{\frac{\pi}{2}}^{\pi}4\theta\ln{\left(\sin{\left(\frac{\theta}{2}\right)}\right)}\,\mathrm{d}\theta\\ &~~~~~+\int_{\frac{\pi}{2}}^{\pi}4\pi\ln{\left(\sin{\left(\frac{\theta}{2}\right)}\right)}\,\mathrm{d}\theta\\ &=-4\int_{0}^{\pi}\theta\ln{\left(\sin{\left(\frac{\theta}{2}\right)}\right)}\,\mathrm{d}\theta+4\pi\int_{\frac{\pi}{2}}^{\pi}\ln{\left(\sin{\left(\frac{\theta}{2}\right)}\right)}\,\mathrm{d}\theta\\ &=4\ln{\left(2\right)}\int_{0}^{\pi}\theta\,\mathrm{d}\theta+4\int_{0}^{\pi}\theta\left[-\ln{\left(2\sin{\left(\frac{\theta}{2}\right)}\right)}\right]\,\mathrm{d}\theta\\ &~~~~~-4\pi\ln{\left(2\right)}\int_{\frac{\pi}{2}}^{\pi}\mathrm{d}\theta-4\pi\int_{\frac{\pi}{2}}^{\pi}\left[-\ln{\left(2\sin{\left(\frac{\theta}{2}\right)}\right)}\right]\,\mathrm{d}\theta\\ &=2\pi^{2}\ln{\left(2\right)}-2\pi^{2}\ln{\left(2\right)}-4\pi\left[\operatorname{Cl}_{2}{\left(\pi\right)}-\operatorname{Cl}_{2}{\left(\frac{\pi}{2}\right)}\right]\\ &~~~~~-4\int_{0}^{\pi}\operatorname{Cl}_{2}{\left(\theta\right)}\,\mathrm{d}\theta;~~~\small{I.B.P.s}\\ &=4\operatorname{Cl}_{3}{\left(\pi\right)}+4\pi\operatorname{Cl}_{2}{\left(\frac{\pi}{2}\right)}-4\,\zeta{\left(3\right)}\\ &=4\pi\,G-7\,\zeta{\left(3\right)}.\blacksquare\\ \end{align}$$

Appendix 2:

$$\begin{align} {_3F_2}{\left(\frac12,1,1;\frac32,\frac32;1\right)} &={_3F_2}{\left(1,1,\frac12;\frac32,\frac32;1\right)}\\ &=\frac12\int_{0}^{1}\mathrm{d}t\,t^{-\frac12}\,{_2F_1}{\left(1,1;\frac32;t\right)}\\ &=\frac12\int_{0}^{1}\mathrm{d}t\,\frac{1}{\sqrt{t\left(1-t\right)}}\,{_2F_1}{\left(\frac12,\frac12;\frac32;t\right)}\\ &=\frac12\int_{0}^{1}\mathrm{d}t\,\frac{\arcsin{\left(\sqrt{t}\right)}}{t\sqrt{1-t}}\\ &=\int_{0}^{1}\mathrm{d}u\,\frac{\arcsin{\left(u\right)}}{u\sqrt{1-u^{2}}};~~~\small{\left[t=u^{2}\right]}\\ &=\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\mathrm{d}\varphi\,\frac{\varphi}{\sin{\left(\varphi\right)}};~~~\small{\left[\arcsin{\left(u\right)}=\varphi\right]}\\ &=-\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\mathrm{d}\varphi\,\ln{\left(\tan{\left(\frac{\varphi}{2}\right)}\right)};~~~\small{I.B.P.s}\\ &=-\int_{0}^{1}\mathrm{d}t\,\frac{2\ln{\left(t\right)}}{1+t^{2}};~~~\small{\left[\tan{\left(\frac{\varphi}{2}\right)}=t\right]}\\ &=\int_{0}^{1}\mathrm{d}t\,\frac{2\arctan{\left(t\right)}}{t};~~~\small{I.B.P.s}\\ &=2\operatorname{Ti}_{2}{\left(1\right)}\\ &=2\,G.\blacksquare\\ \end{align}$$

Which closed form expression for this series involving Catalan numbers : $\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{(-1)^{n-1}}{4^nn^2}\binom{2n}{n}$

With $S$ the constant to be computed, we have the following explicit yellow expression: $$ \begin{aligned} S&=\sum\frac{(-1)^{n-1}}{4^n\: n^2}\binom{2n}n\\ &=2\int_0^{-1}(\log2 -\log(1+\sqrt{1-y}))\;\frac{dy}y\qquad\text{ (OP formula)} \\ &=2\int_0^1\log\underbrace{\left(\frac{1+\sqrt{1+y}}2\right)}_{=:t}\;\frac{dy}y \\ & =2\int_1^{(1+\sqrt 2)/2=:a}\frac{2t-1}{t(t-1)}\;\log t\;dt = 2\int_1^a\left(\frac{t}{t(t-1)}+\frac{t-1}{t(t-1)}\right) \;\log t\;dt \\ &= 2\int_1^a\frac{\log t}{t-1}\; dt+ 2\int_1^a\frac{\log t}t\; dt \\ &= -2\Bigg[\operatorname{Li}_2(1-t)\Bigg]_1^a+ \Bigg[\log^2 t\Bigg]_1^a \\ &=-2\operatorname{Li}_2(1-a)+\log^2 a =\bbox[yellow]{-2\operatorname{Li}_2\left(\frac{1-\sqrt2}2\right)+\log^2\left(\frac{1+\sqrt2}2\right)}\ . \end{aligned} $$

Numerical checks, here pari/gp

? sum(n=1, 10000, (-1)^(n-1)/4^n/n^2 * gamma(2*n+1)/gamma(n+1)^2)
%40 = 0.42996693557993137159907473218062445342
? 
? 2 * intnum(y=0, 1, log( (1 + sqrt(1+y))/2 ) / y) 
%41 = 0.42996693560813697203703367869938799117

? a = (1 + sqrt(2))/2;
 
? 2 * intnum(t=1, a, (2*t - 1)/t/(t - 1) * log(t))
%43 = 0.42996693560813697203703367869938799116
 
? -2*dilog( (1-sqrt(2))/2 ) + log( (1+sqrt(2))/2 )^2
%44 = 0.42996693560813697203703367869938799117

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Which closed form expression for this series involving Catalan numbers : $\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{(-1)^{n-1}}{4^nn^2}\binom{2n}{n}$

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