Similarly, one may obtain the following equality, used by Apery to prove the irrationality of $\zeta(3)$:
$$\sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{(-1)^{n-1}}{n^3 \binom{2n}{n}}=\frac25\sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{1}{n^3}$$
Using $\arcsin^2 \sqrt{-z}=-\operatorname{arcsinh}^2z $ we get:$$S=\sum_{k=1}^\infty\frac{(-1)^{k-1}}{k^32^k {2k\choose k}}=-2\int_0^{-1}\frac{\arcsin^2\left(\sqrt{\frac x8}\right)}{x} dx\overset{x=-t}=2\int_0^1 \frac{\operatorname{arcsinh}^2\left(\sqrt{\frac t8}\right)}{t}dt$$
Furthermore, we let $\operatorname{arcsinh}\sqrt{\frac t8}=y$, which yields
$$S=4\int_0^{\ln{\sqrt 2}} y^2 \coth y dy\overset{y=\ln x}=4\int_1^{\sqrt 2}\ln^2 x\ \frac{x^2+1}{x^2-1}\frac{dx}{x}$$$$=4\int_1^{\sqrt 2} \frac{(2x)\ln^2 x}{x^2-1}dx-4\int_1^{\sqrt 2}\frac{\ln^2 x}{x}dx\overset{x^2=t}=\int_1^2 \frac{\ln^2 t}{t-1}dt-\frac{\ln^3 2}{6}$$
$$\overset{t-1=x}=\int_0^1 \frac{\ln^2(1+x)}{x}dx-\frac{\ln^3 2}{6}=\boxed{\frac{\zeta(3)}{4}-\frac{\ln^3 2}{6}}$$
See here for the last integral, or just let $m=1,n=0,q=1,p=0$ in the following relation:
$$\small \int_0^1 \frac{[m\ln(1+x)+n\ln(1-x)][q\ln(1+x)+p\ln(1-x)]}{x}dx=\left(\frac{mq}{4}-\frac{5}{8}(mp+nq)+2np\right)\zeta(3)$$
Considering the algebraic identity
\begin{align*}
&(a-b)^3b = a^3b - 3a^2b^2 + 3ab^3 - b^4 = -2a^3b +3(a^3b+ab^3) -3a^2b^2 -b^4\\
&\Longrightarrow \ \ \ 2a^3b = -{b^4 \over 2} -{b^4 + 6a^2b^2\over 2} + 3(a^3b+ab^3) - (a-b)^3b
\end{align*} with $a = \ln(1-x)$ and $b= \ln (1+x)$ it follows that
\begin{align*}
2\int_0^1 {\ln^3(1-x)\ln(1+x)\over x}dx =& - \frac 1 2\int_0^1 {\ln^4(1+x)\over x}d x \\
&-\frac 12 \int_0^1 \frac{\ln^4(1+x) + 6\ln^2(1-x)\ln^2(1+x)}{x}dx\\
&+3\int_0^1 \frac{\ln^3(1-x)\ln(1+x) + \ln(1-x)\ln^3(1+x)}{x}dx\\
&- \int_0^1 \frac{\ln^3\left(\frac{1-x}{1+x}\right)\ln(1+x)}{x}dx\\
=:& -I_1 - I_2 + I_3 -I_4.
\end{align*}
For $I_1$, make substitution $y = \frac x {1+x}$ to get:
\begin{align*}
I_1 =& \frac 1 2 \int_0^{\frac 12} \frac{\ln^4(1-y)}{y(1-y)} dy \\
=& \frac 1 2\underbrace{ \int_0^{\frac 12} \frac{\ln^4(1-y)}{y} dy}_{z=1-y}+ \frac 1 2 \int_0^{\frac 12} \frac{\ln^4(1-y)}{1-y} dy\\
=& \frac 1 2 \int_{\frac 1 2 }^1 \frac{\ln^4 z} {1-z} dz + \frac {\ln^5 2}{10}\\
=& \frac 12 \sum_{n=1}^\infty \int_{\frac 1 2}^1 z^{n-1}\ln^4 z\ dz + \frac {\ln^5 2}{10}\\
=& \frac 12 \sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{\partial^4}{\partial n^4}\left[\frac 1 n - \frac 1 {n2^n}\right] + \frac {\ln^5 2}{10}\\
=& \frac 12 \sum_{n=1}^\infty \left[\frac{24}{n^5} - \frac {24}{n^52^n} - \frac{24 \ln 2}{n^42^n}-\frac{12\ln^2 2}{n^3 2^n}-\frac{4\ln^3 2}{n^2 2^n} - \frac{\ln^4 2}{n2^n}\right] + \frac {\ln^5 2}{10}\\
=&12\zeta(5) - 12\text{Li}_5(1/2) - 12\ln 2 \text{Li}_4(1/2) -6\ln^2 2 \text{Li}_3(1/2) -2\ln^3 2\text{Li}_2(1/2)-\frac {2}{5}\ln^5 2\\
=&\boxed{-12\Big(\text{Li}_5(1/2) + \ln 2\text{Li}_4(1/2)-\zeta(5)\Big)-{21 \over 4}\zeta(3)\ln^2 2 +{1\over 3} \pi^2 \ln^3 2-{2 \over 5} \ln^5 2}
\end{align*} where the well-known values
\begin{align*}\text{Li}_2(1/2) = {\pi^2 \over 12}-{\ln^2 2\over 2} , \qquad \text{Li}_3(1/2) ={7\zeta(3) \over 8} -{\pi^2 \ln 2\over 12} + {\ln^3 2 \over 6}
\end{align*} are used.
Actually, $I_2$ was already evaluated by the OP here using the algebraic identity $$b^4 + 6a^2b^2 = \frac {(a-b)^4} 2+\frac{(a+b)^4}{2} -a^4.$$
It holds that
$$
\boxed{I_2 = \frac {21}{8} \zeta(5).}
$$
In fact, the value of $I_3$ can also be found in the previous answer of @Przemo's. For $I_3$, one can use the algebraic relation $3(a^3b + ab^3) =\frac 3 8 \left[ (a+b)^4 - (a-b)^4\right]$.
This gives
\begin{align*}
I_3=& \underbrace{\frac 3 8 \int_0^1 \frac{\ln^4(1-x^2)}{x} dx}_{x^2 = y} - \underbrace{\frac 3 8 \int_0^1 \frac{\ln^4\left(\frac{1-x}{1+x}\right)}{x} dx}_{\frac{1-x}{1+x} = y}\\
=&\frac 3 {16}\underbrace{\int_0^1 \frac{\ln^4(1-y)}{y} dy }_{1-y\mapsto y}- \frac 3 4 \int_0^1 \frac{\ln^4 y}{1-y^2} dy\\
=&\frac 3 {16}\int_0^1 \frac{\ln^4 y}{1-y} dy - \frac 3 4 \sum_{n=0}^\infty \int_0^1 y^{2n} \ln^4 y \ dy\\
=&\frac 3 {16}\sum_{n=1}^\infty \int_0^1 y^{n-1}\ln^4 y \ dy - \frac 3 4 \sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac {24}{(2n+1)^5}\\
=&\frac 3 {16}\sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{24}{n^5} - 18 \sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac {1}{(2n+1)^5}\\
=&\frac {9}{2} \zeta(5)- 18\cdot \frac {31}{32}\zeta(5)\\
=&\boxed{-\frac{207}{16}\zeta(5)}
\end{align*} as can be found in @Przemo's answer.
For $I_4$, make substitution $ \frac{1-x}{1+x}\mapsto x$ to get
\begin{align*} I_4 = &2\int_0^1 \frac{\ln^3 x \ln\left(\frac 2 {1+x}\right)}{1-x^2} dx \\
=&2\ln 2 \int_0^1 \frac{\ln^3 x}{1-x^2} dx - \underbrace{2\int_0^1\frac{\ln^3 x \ln(1+x)}{1-x^2} dx }_{=:J}\\
=& 2\ln 2\sum_{n=0}^\infty \int_0^1 x^{2n} \ln^3 x\ dx - J\\
=& - 12\ln 2 \underbrace{\sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac 1 {(2n+1)^4}}_{\frac{15}{16}\zeta(4) = \frac{\pi^4}{96}} - J \\
=& -\frac{\pi^4 \ln 2}{8} - J.
\end{align*}
\begin{align*}
J = &\int_0^1\frac{2\ln^3 x \ln(1+x)}{1-x^2} dx \\
=& \underbrace{\int_0^1 \frac{\ln^3 x \ln(1+x)}{1+x}dx}_{=:A} + \int_0^1 \frac{\ln^3 x \ln(1+x)}{1-x}dx\\
=& A + \int_0^1 \frac{\ln^3 x \ln(1-x^2)}{1-x}dx -\int_0^1 \frac{\ln^3 x \ln(1-x)}{1-x}dx\\
=&A + \int_0^1 \frac{(1+x)\ln^3 x \ln(1-x^2)}{1-x^2}dx -\int_0^1 \frac{\ln^3 x \ln(1-x)}{1-x}dx\\
=&A + \underbrace{\int_0^1 \frac{\ln^3 x \ln(1-x^2)}{1-x^2}dx }_{=:B}+\underbrace{\int_0^1 \frac{x\ln^3 x \ln(1-x^2)}{1-x^2}dx}_{x^2 \mapsto x}-\int_0^1 \frac{\ln^3 x \ln(1-x)}{1-x}dx\\
=&A + B - \underbrace{\frac {15}{16} \int_0^1 \frac{\ln^3 x \ln(1-x)}{1-x}dx}_{=:C}\\
=&A + B - C.
\end{align*}
For $A$, we can use the McLaurin series of
$$
\frac{\ln (1+x)}{1+x} = \sum_{n=0}^\infty (-1)^{n-1}H_n x^n
$$ ($H_0= 0$) to get
\begin{align*}
A = & \sum_{n=0}^\infty (-1)^{n-1}H_n \int_0^1 x^n\ln^3 x \ dx \\
=&6 \sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{(-1)^{n}H_n}{(n+1)^4}\\
=&6 \sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{(-1)^{n}H_{n+1}}{(n+1)^4} - 6\sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{(-1)^{n}}{(n+1)^5}\\
=&6 \sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{(-1)^{n-1}H_{n}}{n^4} - 6\sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{(-1)^{n-1}}{n^5}\\
=& 6\left(\frac{59}{32}\zeta(5) - \frac{\pi^2\zeta(3)}{12}\right)-6\cdot \frac{15}{16}\zeta(5)\\
=& \frac{87}{16}\zeta(5) - \frac{\pi^2 \zeta(3)}{2}.
\end{align*}
Here, the known value of $ \sum_{n=1}^\infty (-1)^{n-1}{H_n \over n^4}$ is used.
For $B$, make substitution $u = x^2$ to get
\begin{align*}
B =& \frac 1 {16} \int_0^1 \frac{\ln^3 u \ln(1-u)}{\sqrt u (1-u)} du \\
=& \frac 1 {16} \left[\frac{\partial^4}{\partial x^3\partial y} \text{B}(x,y)\right]_{x=\frac 1 2, y = 0^+}
\end{align*} where $\text{B}(\cdot,\cdot)$ is Euler's Beta function. We can use the fact that
\begin{align*}
\lim_{y\to 0^+}\frac{\partial^2}{\partial x\partial y} \text{B}(x,y) = -\frac 1 2 \psi''(x) + \psi'(x) \big[\psi(x) + \gamma\big]
\end{align*} to get
\begin{align*}
B =& \frac 1 {16}\frac{d^2}{dx^2}\left[-\frac 1 2 \psi''(x) + \psi'(x) \big[\psi(x) + \gamma\big]\right]_{x=\frac 1 2}\\
=&\frac 1 {16} \left[-\frac 1 2 \psi''''(1/2) + \psi'''(1/2)\big[\psi(1/2) + \gamma\big] + 3\psi'(1/2)\psi''(1/2)\right]\\
=& \frac 1 {16}\left[-21\pi^2 \zeta(3) + 372\zeta(5) - 2\pi^4 \ln 2\right]
\end{align*} which can be evaluated using the series representations of polygamma functions $$\psi(x) +\gamma = - \frac 1 x +\sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac 1 n - \frac 1 { n+x},\\
\psi'(x) = \sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac 1 {(n+x)^2}$$ and the derived fact that $\psi(\tfrac 1 2 )+\gamma = -2\ln 2$ and $\psi^{(k)}(\tfrac 1 2)=(-1)^{k+1}k!(2^{k+1}-1)\zeta(k+1)$ for $k\ge 1$.
For $C$, we can use the same method as used in the evaluation of $B$. It holds that
\begin{align*}
C =& \frac {15}{16} \left[\frac{\partial^4}{\partial x^3\partial y} \text{B}(x,y)\right]_{x=1, y = 0^+}\\
=&\frac {15} {16}\left[-\frac 1 2 \psi''''(1) + \psi'''(1)\big[\psi(1) + \gamma\big] + 3\psi'(1)\psi''(1)\right]\\
=&\frac{15}{16}\left[12\zeta(5) -6\zeta(2)\zeta(3)\right]\\
=&\frac {45}{4}\zeta(5) -\frac {15\pi^2 \zeta(3)}{16}
\end{align*} where $\psi(1) +\gamma = 0$, $\psi'(1) = \zeta(2)$, $\psi''(1) = -2\zeta(3)$ and $\psi''''(1) = -24\zeta(5)$ are used.
Combining $A,B,C$, we have that $$J =A+B-C= \frac{279}{16}\zeta(5) -\frac{7\pi^2\zeta(3)}{8} - \frac{\pi^4 \ln 2}{8}$$ and
$$
\boxed{I_4 = -\frac{\pi^4 \ln 2}{8} - J = -\frac{279}{16}\zeta(5)+\frac{7\pi^2\zeta(3)}{8}}
$$
Finally, these evaluate $\int_0^1 {\ln^3(1-x)\ln(1+x)\over x}dx =\frac 1 2\big[-I_1-I_2+I_3-I_4\big]$ as follows.
\begin{align*}
\int_0^1 {\ln^3(1-x)\ln(1+x)\over x}dx =&\ 6\text{Li}_5(1/2) + 6\ln 2\ \text{Li}_4(1/2)-\frac{81}{16}\zeta(5)-{7\pi^2 \over 16}\zeta(3)\\
&+\frac{21\ln^2 2}{8}\zeta(3)- \frac{1}{6}\pi^2\ln^3 2+\frac{1}{5}\ln^5 2.
\end{align*}
Using the identity given in the OP, we get the desired integral $I$
\begin{align*}
\int_0^{\frac 1 2}\frac{\text{Li}_2^2(x)}{x} dx = &-2\text{Li}_5(1/2) -2\ln 2\ \text{Li}_4(1/2)+\frac{27}{32}\zeta(5) +\frac{7\pi^2}{48}\zeta(3)-\frac{7\ln^2 2}{8}\zeta(3) \\
&-\frac{\pi^4\ln 2}{144} +\frac{\pi^2\ln^3 2}{12} - \frac{7\ln^5 2}{60}.
\end{align*}
Best Answer
From here we have $$\arcsin^2z=\frac12\sum_{k=1}^\infty\frac{(2z)^{2k}}{k^2{2k \choose k}}$$ Set $z=i\sqrt{\frac{y}{8}}$, we get
$$-\text{arcsinh}^2\left(\sqrt{\frac{y}{8}}\right)=\frac12\sum_{k=1}^\infty\frac{(-1)^{k}y^k}{k^22^k{2k \choose k}}$$ Now multiply both sides by $\frac{2\ln y}{y}$ then integrate from $y=0$ to $1$, we get
\begin{align} \sum_{k=1}^\infty\frac{(-1)^{k-1}}{k^42^k{2k \choose k}}&=-2\int_0^1\frac{\text{arcsinh}^2\left(\sqrt{\frac{y}{8}}\right)\ln y}{y}\ dy,\quad \color{red}{\text{arcsinh}\left(\sqrt{\frac{y}{8}}\right)=x}\\ &=-4\int_0^{\frac{\ln2}{2}}x^2\ln\left(8\sinh^2x\right)\coth x\ dx\\ &=-3\ln2\int_0^{\frac{\ln2}{2}}4x^2 \coth x\ dx-8\int_0^{\frac{\ln2}{2}}x^2\ln(\sinh x)\coth x\ dx\tag{1} \end{align}
The first integral is calculated here
As for the second integral, we compute it as follows
\begin{align} I&=\int_0^{\frac{\ln2}{2}}x^2\ln(\sinh x)\coth x\ dx,\quad \color{red}{x=\ln y}\\ &=\int_0^{\sqrt{2}}\ln^2y\ln\left(\frac{y^2-1}{2y}\right)\left(\frac{y^2+1}{y^2-1}\right)\frac{\ dy}{y},\quad \color{red}{y^2-1=x}\\ &=\frac18\int_0^1\ln^2(1+x)\left(\ln x-\ln2-\frac12\ln(1+x)\right)\left(\frac{2}{x}-\frac{1}{1+x}\right)\ dx\\ &=\frac14\int_0^1\frac{\ln^2(1+x)\ln x}{x}\ dx-\frac14\ln 2\int_0^1\frac{\ln^2(1+x)}{x}\ dx-\frac18\int_0^1\frac{\ln^3(1+x)}{x}\ dx\\ &\quad-\frac18\underbrace{\int_0^1\frac{\ln^2(1+x)\ln x}{1+x}\ dx}_{\Large IBP}+\frac18\underbrace{\int_0^1\frac{\ln^2(1+x)}{1+x}\ dx}_{\Large\frac13\ln^32}+\frac1{16}\underbrace{\int_0^1\frac{\ln^3(1+x)}{1+x}\ dx}_{\Large\frac14\ln^42}\\ &=\frac14\underbrace{\int_0^1\frac{\ln^2(1+x)\ln x}{x}}_{\Large I_1}-\frac14\underbrace{\ln 2\int_0^1\frac{\ln^2(1+x)}{x}}_{\Large I_2}-\frac1{12}\underbrace{\int_0^1\frac{\ln^3(1+x)}{x}}_{\Large I_3}+\frac{11}{192}\ln^42\tag{3} \end{align}
Lets start with the first one and by using : $$\ln^2(1+x)=2\sum_{n=1}^\infty\frac{H_n}{n+1}(-x)^{n+1}=2\sum_{n=1}^\infty(-1)^n\left(\frac{H_n}{n}-\frac1{n^2}\right)x^n$$
We get
\begin{align} I_1&=\int_0^1\frac{\ln^2(1+x)\ln x}{x}\ dx=2\sum_{n=1}^\infty(-1)^n\left(\frac{H_n}{n}-\frac1{n^2}\right)\int_0^1x^{n-1}\ln x\ dx\\ &=2\sum_{n=1}^\infty(-1)^n\left(\frac{H_n}{n}-\frac1{n^2}\right)\left(-\frac1{n^2}\right)\\ &=-2\sum_{n=1}^\infty(-1)^n\frac{H_n}{n^3}+2\operatorname{Li}_4(-1)\\ &=-2\left(2\operatorname{Li_4}\left(\frac12\right)-\frac{11}4\zeta(4)+\frac74\ln2\zeta(3)-\frac12\ln^22\zeta(2)+\frac{1}{12}\ln^42\right)+2\left(-\frac78\zeta(4)\right)\\ &\boxed{=-4\operatorname{Li_4}\left(\frac12\right)+\frac{15}4\zeta(4)-\frac72\ln2\zeta(3)+\ln^22\zeta(2)-\frac{1}{6}\ln^42} \end{align}
Note that $\sum_{n=1}^\infty(-1)^n\frac{H_n}{n^3}$ is calculated here.
\begin{align} I_2&=\int_0^1\frac{\ln^2(1+x)}{x}\ dx\overset{x=\frac{1-y}{y}}{=}\int_{1/2}^1\frac{\ln^2x}{x(1-x)}\ dx\\ &=\int_{1/2}^1\frac{\ln^2x}{x}\ dx+\int_{1/2}^1\frac{\ln^2x}{1-x}\ dx\\ &=\frac13\ln^32+\sum_{n=1}^\infty\int_{1/2}^1x^{n-1}\ln^2x \ dx\\ &=\frac13\ln^32+\sum_{n=1}^\infty\left(-\frac{\ln^22}{n2^n}-\frac{2\ln2}{n^22^n}-\frac{2}{n^32^n}+\frac{2}{n^3}\right)\\ &=\frac13\ln^32-\ln^32-2\ln2\operatorname{Li}_2\left(\frac12\right)-2\operatorname{Li}_3\left(\frac12\right)+2\zeta(3)\\ &\boxed{=\frac14\zeta(3)} \end{align}
Similarly
\begin{align} I_3&=\int_0^1\frac{\ln^3(1+x)}{x}\ dx\overset{x=\frac{1-y}{y}}{=}-\int_{1/2}^1\frac{\ln^3x}{x(1-x)}\ dx\\ &=-\int_{1/2}^1\frac{\ln^3x}{x}\ dx-\int_{1/2}^1\frac{\ln^3x}{1-x}\ dx\\ &=\frac14\ln^42-\sum_{n=1}^\infty\int_{1/2}^1x^{n-1}\ln^3x \ dx\\ &=\frac14\ln^42-\sum_{n=1}^\infty\left(\frac{\ln^32}{n2^n}+\frac{3\ln^22}{n^22^n}+\frac{6\ln2}{n^32^n}+\frac{6}{n^42^n}-\frac{6}{n^4}\right)\\ &=\frac14\ln^42-\ln^42-3\ln^22\operatorname{Li}_2\left(\frac12\right)-6\ln2\operatorname{Li}_3\left(\frac12\right)-6\operatorname{Li}_4\left(\frac12\right)+6\zeta(4)\\ &\boxed{=-6\operatorname{Li}_4\left(\frac12\right)+6\zeta(4)-\frac{21}{4}\ln2\zeta(3)+\frac32\ln^22\zeta(2)-\frac14\ln^42} \end{align}
Note that for $I_2$ and $I_3$, we used
$$\operatorname{Li_2}\left( \frac12\right) =\frac12\zeta(2)-\frac12\ln^22$$ $$\operatorname{Li_3}\left( \frac12\right)=\frac78\zeta(3)-\frac12\ln2\zeta(2)+\frac16\ln^32$$
Plugging the boxed results of the integrals $I_1$, $I_2$ and $I_3$ in $(3)$, we get
Plugging the results from $(2)$ and $(4)$ in $(1)$, we get