For a given right triangle $ABC$ with hypotenuse $C$, if you know that value of one of the legs, such as $B$, you can calculate possible values for the other two sides by using the equation
$"\dfrac{B^2}4\pm1"$. For example, if you are given the value of $4$, solving would proceed as follows: $4^2 = 16; \dfrac{16}4 = 4$; and $4\pm1 = 3,5$ giving the other two sides lengths. This becomes the well-know $3,4,5$ Pythagorean triple. This equation will work for any value of A, and will give whole number outputs for any even number. For odd numbers, there is the slightly different equation "$\dfrac{(B^2)\pm1}{2}$". I am currently unaware of how to derive these equations, and knowing how would be most helpful.
Edit: The odd equation will work for any given number due to the following: (note that a very similar evaluation will work for the even version of the equation)
${A^2}+{B^2}={C^2}$, $A=\dfrac{(B^2)-1}{2}$, $C=\dfrac{(B^2)+1}{2}$. These are all given as they are part of the function.
${(\dfrac{{B^2}-1}{2})^2}+{B^2}={(\dfrac{{B^2}+1}{2})^2}$ by substituting for $A$ and $C$.
${\dfrac{{B^4}-2{B^2}+1}4}+{B^2}={\dfrac{{B^4}+2{B^2}+1}4}$ by squaring $A$ and $C$.
${B^4}-2{B^2}+1+4{B^2}={B^4}+2{B^2}+1$ by multiplying everything by $4$.
$-2{B^2}+4{B^2}=2{B^2}$ with some cancelling.
$1=1$ or $0=0$ through more cancelling.
Therefore, any value of $B$ will make the equation true. The reason that it works best with odd whole numbers is because "odd"$*$"odd"$=$"odd", "odd"$\pm1=$"even", and only even numbers leave whole values when halved.
Update: One of the comments asked if this equation could be modified for other values of $C-A$. After some thought, I have found a family of equations capable of producing triples with any value of $C-A$.
Let's assume that $C-A=2x$. There is a number $\theta$ whose value is halfway between $C$ and $A$, so therefore $A=\theta -x$, and $C=\theta +x$
Substituting these values into ${A^2}+{B^2}={C^2}$ gives us the following:
${(\theta-x)^2}+{B^2}={(\theta+x)^2}$
${B^2}+{\theta^2}-2\theta x+{x^2}={\theta^2}+2\theta x+{x^2}$
${B^2}=4\theta x$
$\theta ={\dfrac{B^2}{4x}}$
Because $B=\theta -x$ and $C=\theta +x$:
$B={\dfrac{A^2}{4x}}-x$
$C={\dfrac{A^2}{4x}}+x$
If $C-A=2$, then $x=1$, and the equation simplifies to "$\dfrac{B^2}4\pm1$". Other values of x will work as well. For $C-A=3$, $x=1.5$, and the new equation is "$\dfrac{B^2}6\pm1.5$" This equation produces integers when $B$ is an odd multiple of $3$.
A similar process to the one above can be worked out for any other value of $x$.
Best Answer
Your formula does generate all triples where $\space C-A=2.\space$ The only caution is that you must restrict input to $4n \space$ to ensure that only primitives are generated. To understand the validity of your formula we begin with a variation of Euclid's formula
\begin{align*} &A=\space\space (2n-1+k)^2-k^1\\ &B= 2(2m-1+k)k\\ &C=\space\space (2n-1+k)^2+k^1\\ \end{align*} $$\mathbf{\downarrow}$$
\begin{align*} A=(2n-1)^2+ & 2(2n-1)k \\ B= \qquad\quad\quad\space & 2(2n-1)k+ 2k^2\\ C=(2n-1)^2+ & 2(2n-1)k+ 2k^2\\ \end{align*}
that generates only and all triples where $GCD(A,B,C)=(2x-1)^2, x\in\mathbb{N}.\quad$
Since $1$ is an odd square, this subset includes all primitive Pythagorean triples.
\begin{array}{c|c|c|c|c|} n & k=1 & k=2 & k=3 & k=4 \\ \hline Set_1 & 3,4,5 & 5,12,13& 7,24,25& 9,40,41 \\ \hline Set_2 & 15,8,17 & 21,20,29 &27,36,45 &33,56,65 \\ \hline Set_3 & 35,12,37 & 45,28,53 &55,48,73 &65,72,97 \\ \hline Set_{4} &63,16,65 &77,36,85 &91,60,109 &105,88,137 \\ \hline Set_{5} &99,20,101 &117,44,125 &135,72,153 &153,104,185\\ \hline Set_{6} &143,24,145 &165,52,173 &187,84,205 &209,120,241\\ \hline \end{array}
We can see that column $1$ contains only "your" triples where $\space C-A=2\space $ and, if we let $\space k=1,\space $ the formula reduces to $\quad \space A=4n^2-1\qquad B=4n\qquad C=4n^2+1.$
To find how $\space \dfrac{B^2}{4}+1=C,\space$ we equate your formula's plus-side to the $C$-function.
Working backwards (Note:$\space B=4n\space$ no matter what formula is used) $$ \frac{B^2}{4}+1=\left(\frac{(4n)^2}{4}\right)+1 =\frac{16n^2}{4}+1 =4n^2+1 =C$$
The same logic applies to the minus-side of your formula and, if we work the other direction from $\space 4n^2\mp1,\space$ we can see how your formula is correct, albeit limited in the subset of triples it generates.
$\textbf{Update:}$ Unfortunately, your formula cannot be generalized for $\space C-A > 2\space$ because $\space C-A=2k^2 \in\big\{2,8,18,32,50\cdots\big\}$ but the other two differences are asymmetric: \begin{align*} &C-B=(2n-1)^2\\ &B-A=P=p_1p_2p_3\cdots\space\text{where} \space P\equiv p_n\equiv \pm 1 \pmod 8 \end{align*}
$$\text{For example, with }\quad (57,176,185): \\ C-A=185-57=2\times8^2 \\ C-B=185-176=3^2 \\ B-A=176-57=7\times17$$