I think your best chance is OpenStreetMap, e.g.
Tag:amenity=school
For a list of options for the amenity tag, check http://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/Category:En:Key:amenity
I don't know what commercial POI databases are out there, but I doubt that one would cover all countries and topics you're looking for world-wide.
Disclaimer:
I haven't been up to speed on the research or best practice on this so forgive me if I miss anything and it's been 3 years since I worked with a Travel Demand Model. And when I did travel demand models, I didn't spend a whole lot of time and effort into building turning penalty/restriction models.
Turning restrictions and penalty settings (TR/TP) for the most part are different from intersection to intersection. Usually you can lump sum them into different groups if you're doing macro type analysis.
TR/TP values are usually deployed in the "trip assignment" phase of a modelling process when you know the volumes at each leg of an intersection as well as the intersection geographic layout and green cycle time configuration. Other variables that come into effect are arrival rates, queues, peak hour factors, Average Annual Daily Traffic, Hourly volume data, headways, gaps, etc.. Please check some of the books and publications especially from ITE and TRB. If you are in a university or have access to an academic search engine, metapress has a plethora of articles on turning restrictions and penalties
Some of the issues to consider:
Intersection Type and Configuration
The first issue to look at is signalized vs. non-signalized intersection. In non-signalized intersections, right turns from the major to minor road have a low turning penalty; however, left turning in any direction has a very high turning penalty. Right turns from Minor to Major have a mediocre turning penalty. However, these number change if let's say downstream from the non signalized intersection you have a traffic light. This will generate enough of a natural gap for vehicles to be able to do their turns. On the other hand if let's say you know there is a big generator close by (apartment building or grocery store), then you might have platoons coming up in one direction. For example, vehicle exiting the grocery store onto the major street want to turn left on the minor street. This demand can happen for a very short period during but it could cause massive traffic pattern implications.
In signalized intersections, the main issue becomes the intersection Geometry. The few things to look for are green times including advanced greens, dedicated greens etc, dedicated lanes, and if the dedicated lanes go far enough that in the case of other lanes getting clogged up, does it affect the usage of the dedicated lane. For example an intersection with an advanced green turning left with a dedicated lane will have a low-ish turning penalty value; however, a leg of an intersection that is sharing left/through lanes with no dedicated green turning will have a very high TR/TP. The other thing to look for in signalized intersections is right pocket lanes. At some intersections vehicles will have a dedicated right turning lane. if the lane is long enough and extends far enough then it'll have a low turning penalty otherwise it'll be high.
Calculation method(s)
This is by no means is an exclusive list of methods to calculate TR/TP. Also for the following few days I don't have access to my Highway capacity manual, ITE trip generation manuals, Transportation Planning handbook, and modelling transport book. I have a fewer selection of manuals on me and here is what they have to provide on this issue:
Note that this is my initial take on the matter. I am missing a lot of technical information that is not included in this answerI will probably update this answer more in 24 hours or so. I hope this helps
Best Answer
OpenFlights Licence is favourable.
"Licensing and disclaimer The OpenFlights Airport, Airline and Route Databases are made available under the Open Database License. Any rights in individual contents of the database are licensed under the Database Contents License.
Airport data derived OurAirports and DAFIF, as well as route data from Airline Route Mapper, is in the public domain. Airline data derived from Wikipedia may be subject to the GNU Free Documentation License. Whether these databases pass the threshold of originality and are thus copyrightable in the United States is an open question, and Contentshare does not assert the validity or lack thereof of such a claim. This data is not suitable for navigation. OpenFlights does not assume any responsibility whatsoever for its accuracy, and consequently assumes no liability whatsoever for results obtained or loss or damage incurred as a result of application of the data. OpenFlights expressly disclaims all warranties, expressed or implied, including but not limited to implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for any particular purpose."
http://openflights.org/data.html
Download: airports.dat (~350 KB)
(a donation is suggested to help maintain the database)