The term 'projection' is often used as a synonym for the more correct term, coordinate reference system (CRS), which can include geographic and projected coordinate reference systems.
When a geographic CRS is displayed in two dimensions, its angular units are treated as if they are linear--they're just displayed. They are not displayed using a Mercator projection algorithm. The closest projection algorithm is Plate Carrée. Its forward equations are:
x (easting) = R*lambda (if the central meridian is zero)
y (northing) = R*phi
where
R = radius of the sphere (in your case the semimajor axis of WGS84 would be used)
lambda = longitude in radians
phi = latitude in radians
so you can see that true Plate Carrée coordinates are just scaled compared to displaying latitude-longitude values in degrees.
While the x equation is the same for the spherical Mercator equations, the y equation is different:
y = R ln tan (PI/4 + phi/2)
When you request data from an image-based web service like WMS, usually the layers have been cached (pre-built) in various CRS. The service then publishes which CRS are supported.
Note: Unfortunately, my company (Esri) is guilty of popularizing the usage of 'projection' instead of 'coordinate reference system'. I would just like to state that I started at Esri after that erroneous usage began.
This is how QGIS writes the proj-string and WKT with +towgs84-parameter:
+proj=longlat +ellps=bessel +towgs84=598.1,73.7,418.2,0.202,0.045,-2.455,6.7 +no_defs
GEOGCS["DHDN",DATUM["Deutsches_Hauptdreiecksnetz",SPHEROID["Bessel 1841",6377397.155,299.1528128,AUTHORITY["EPSG","7004"]],TOWGS84[598.1,73.7,418.2,0.202,0.045,-2.455,6.7],AUTHORITY["EPSG","6314"]],PRIMEM["Greenwich",0,AUTHORITY["EPSG","8901"]],UNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433,AUTHORITY["EPSG","9122"]],AUTHORITY["EPSG","4314"]]
But keep in mind that there is no overall value for converting any Bessel-1841-Data to WGS84.
For Germany, there were a lot of parametres published, until a NADgrid for the whole country was created. This applies the correct shift for every point inside Germany.
Other surveying authorities have done similar conversions, but with other values.
EDIT
There is a forum entry in Russian http://gis-lab.info/forum/viewtopic.php?t=9386
giving the following proj parameters:
+proj=tmerc +lat_0=55.6666666667 +lon_0=37.5 +x_0=0 +y_0=0 +k_0=1. +a=6377397 +rf=299.15 +towgs84=396,165,557.7,-0.05,0.04,0.01,0 +no_defs
Maybe you get lucky with those values.
Best Answer
This is a feature, not a bug. Most Leaflet users are not aware that the map's display CRS is different from the map's data CRS, and that's fine; it makes life simpler for most people.
If your question would have been...
Then the answer would have been:
You will have to project your data from EPSG:3857. Use
proj4js
, orproj4leaflet
, or simply: