The first validation error is because you are missing Name, Title, Abstract, NamedLayer and UserLayer elements in your SLD. The second validation error refers to the missing filter element inside your Rule element. So if you add the filter element and the standard elements in the sld elemet your SLD should validate fine.
Finally our SLD should look like this:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
<StyledLayerDescriptor version="1.0.0" xmlns="http://www.opengis.net/sld" xmlns:ogc="http://www.opengis.net/ogc"
xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.opengis.net/sld http://schemas.opengis.net/sld/1.0.0/StyledLayerDescriptor.xsd">
<NamedLayer>
<Name></Name>
<UserStyle>
<Title></Title>
<Abstract></Abstract>
<FeatureTypeStyle>
<Rule>
<ogc:Filter>
<ogc:PropertyIsEqualTo>
<ogc:Function name="geometryType">
<ogc:PropertyName>the_geom</ogc:PropertyName>
</ogc:Function>
<ogc:Literal>Polygon</ogc:Literal>
</ogc:PropertyIsEqualTo>
</ogc:Filter>
<PolygonSymbolizer>
<Stroke>
<CssParameter name="stroke">#0000ff</CssParameter>
<CssParameter name="stroke-width">1</CssParameter>
</Stroke>
</PolygonSymbolizer>
</Rule>
</FeatureTypeStyle>
</UserStyle>
</NamedLayer>
</StyledLayerDescriptor>
If you want to style other geometrytypes - just create a new rule with the symbolizer and geometrytype filter you want to style.
UPDATE
Your point rule should have a PointSymbolizer element instead of the PolygonSymbolizer. So your point rule look like this:
<Rule>
<ogc:Filter>
<ogc:PropertyIsEqualTo>
<ogc:Function name="geometryType">
<ogc:PropertyName>the_geom</ogc:PropertyName>
</ogc:Function>
<ogc:Literal>Point</ogc:Literal>
</ogc:PropertyIsEqualTo>
</ogc:Filter>
<PointSymbolizer>
<Graphic>
<Mark>
<WellKnownName>circle</WellKnownName>
<Stroke>
<CssParameter name="stroke">#0000ff</CssParameter>
<CssParameter name="stroke-width">2</CssParameter>
</Stroke>
</Mark>
<Size>6</Size>
</Graphic>
</PointSymbolizer>
</Rule>
See more on how to style points in the GeoServer SLD Cookbook
Best Answer
Why aren't you just using?
It's universal across all platforms for PostGIS 2.0+ unless your distro for some crazy reason did not include raster.
pgAdmin New extension drop down -- in extension section, shows extensions you have available you have not yet installed in your db.