As other people have pointed out in comments, the correct answer to the question "what is the probability of rolling another 6 given that I have rolled a 6 prior to it?" is indeed $\frac{1}{6}$. This is because the die rolls are assumed (very reasonably so) to be independent of each other. This means that past rolls of the die does not affect future die rolls.
Expressed mathematically, independence of two variables $X$ and $Y$ imply that $Pr(Y=y | X = x) = Pr(Y = y)$.
Letting $X$ be a variable denoting the outcome of the first die roll and $Y$ be a variable for the second die roll, we can use the definition of independence to arrive to the conclusion that $Pr(Y=6 | X = 6) = Pr(Y = 6)=1/6$.
The reason that the answer is not 1/36 is due to the fact that we are making a conditional statement. We are saying "given that we already have rolled a six in the first roll". This means that we are not interested in the likelihood of that first roll occuring. We are only interested in what happens next.
It might be helpful to enumerate all possible outcomes here. I have done this below in the form {x, y}, where x is the outcome in the first roll and y in the second.
{1, 1} {1, 2} {1, 3} {1, 4} {1, 5} {1, 6}
{2, 1} {2, 2} {2, 3} {2, 4} {2, 5} {2, 6}
{3, 1} {3, 2} {3, 3} {3, 4} {3, 5} {3, 6}
{4, 1} {4, 2} {4, 3} {4, 4} {4, 5} {4, 6}
{5, 1} {5, 2} {5, 3} {5, 4} {5, 5} {5, 6}
{6, 1} {6, 2} {6, 3} {6, 4} {6, 5} {6, 6}
Now, the probability you are interested in is the event {6, 6}. If you give the information that you are in the last row (which corresponds to having rolled a 6 in the first roll), you only have six possibilities of outcomes. Only one of them is a "success", so the probability of that event is 1/6.
Edit:
After re-reading the OP's question, it appears that I have missed part of the question. The question there seems to be regarding the following scenario:
- A six-sided die is rolled.
- If the die rolled a 6, roll a second die. Otherwise, do not roll a second die.
The question is there: What is the probability that this procedure results in two sixes having been rolled? Equivalently: What is the probability that this procedure results in us rolling a six in step 2?
The answer to this question is indeed 1/36. Heuristically, the reason for this is that we now are not conditioning on something that has happened anymore. We are instead asking for the probability of an event that can occur after we go through a procedure.
Let us now prove that the probability is 1/36. Letting once again $X$ be the result of the first roll and $Y$ the result of the second roll. We are interested in $Pr(Y=6)$. Note that if $X\neq 6$ then the probability that $Y=6$ is zero since the second die won't be rolled. Thus $Pr(Y=6\mid X\neq6)=0$. We use the law of total probability to note that $Pr(Y=6)=\underset{x=1}{\overset{6}{\sum}}Pr(Y=6 \mid X=x) \cdot Pr(X=x)$.
Now since $Pr(Y=6 \mid X=x)=0$ $\forall x\neq 6$, we see that
$Pr(Y=6) = 0+0+0+0+0+Pr(Y=6\mid X=6)\cdot Pr(X=6)$.
This simplifies to $Pr(Y=6) = \frac{1}{6}\cdot\frac{1}{6}=\frac{1}{36}$ which completes the proof.
Best Answer
The question seeks to find the probability that the die drawn is unfair given that it was thrown $5$ times and all throws were $3$s. Hence, we seek to calculate $\mathrm{P}(\mathrm{Unfair}\,|\,\text{5 threes})$. According to Bayes' theorem, we have: $$ \mathrm{P}(\mathrm{Unfair}\,|\,\text{5 threes}) = \frac{\mathrm{P}(\text{5 threes}\,|\,\mathrm{Unfair})\cdot \mathrm{P}(\mathrm{Unfair})}{\mathrm{P}(\text{5 threes}\,|\,\mathrm{Fair})\cdot \mathrm{P}(\mathrm{Fair}) + \mathrm{P}(\text{5 threes}\,|\,\text{Unfair})\cdot \mathrm{P}(\text{Unfair})} $$ Now what's the probability to get $5$ $3$s when you picked the unfair die? Well it's $1$ (100%) so $\mathrm{P}(\text{5 threes}\,|\,\text{Unfair}) = 1$ because it always shows a $3$. What's the probability of getting $5$ $3$s when you picked a fair die? It's $(1/6)^5$, so $\mathrm{P}(\text{5 threes}\,|\,\mathrm{Fair}) = (1/6)^5$.
All that's missing are the probabilities of picking a fair or an unfair die. Figure those out and put all values in the formula to get the answer. Can you take it from here?
I find it interesting to plot how the posterior probability of having picked the unfair die depends on the number of $3$s we got. Here is the plot:
So if we throw the die once and get a $3$, the posterior probability is $0.4$ that the die is unfair. After 2 throws, both being $3$s, it's already $0.8$ and after three throws, all of them being $3$s, it's $0.96$.