Could someone please show(!) and explain step-by-step how to calculate the theoretical quantiles for the following normally distributed dataset:
{1,1,2,2,2,3,3,5,8,14,24,40}
Given this table:
EDIT: I am looking for the numbers at the bottom. The original "question": http://imgur.com/TZ4V1RG
Best Answer
These (indeed - see comments) are theoretical quantiles of the normal distribution for different $\alpha_j$. These are the values such that $\alpha_j$ of the probability mass of a standard normally distributed random variable is to the left of that value.
The reported quantiles are following:
So, this for example means that $-1.73$ is the 4.2%-quantile of the standard normal distribution, the value such that smaller realizations from a standard normal distribution will occur with probability 4.2%.
They are "equally spaced" (evenredig verdeeld) in the sense that there is a roughly constant amount of probability mass between each pair of neighboring quantiles:
As the cdf of the standard normal is not available in closed form, calculating these values by hand is not possible and numerical approximations are used.