Not exactly what you want ( high level environments) but I propose a macro. I made this macro very quicly, so it's possible to make something better. We can add styles etc.
\documentclass[11pt]{scrartcl}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage{tikz}
\makeatletter
\@namedef{color@1}{red!40}
\@namedef{color@2}{green!40}
\@namedef{color@3}{blue!40}
\@namedef{color@4}{cyan!40}
\@namedef{color@5}{magenta!40}
\@namedef{color@6}{yellow!40}
\newcommand{\graphitemize}[2]{%
\begin{tikzpicture}[every node/.style={align=center}]
\node[minimum size=5cm,circle,fill=gray!40,font=\Large,outer sep=1cm,inner sep=.5cm](ce){#1};
\foreach \gritem [count=\xi] in {#2}
{\global\let\maxgritem\xi}
\foreach \gritem [count=\xi] in {#2}
{%
\pgfmathtruncatemacro{\angle}{360/\maxgritem*\xi}
\edef\col{\@nameuse{color@\xi}}
\node[circle,
ultra thick,
draw=white,
fill opacity=.5,
fill=\col,
minimum size=3cm] at (ce.\angle) {\gritem };}%
\end{tikzpicture}
}%
\begin{document}
\graphitemize{Discipline}{Love,Trust,Self-\\control,Journey,Obedience}
\graphitemize{Mathématiques}{Algèbre,Géométrie,Analyse}
\end{document}

Update
I added a new style, now it's possible to create some keys to chooose the style
\documentclass[11pt]{scrartcl}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usetikzlibrary{calc}
\makeatletter
\@namedef{color@1}{red!40}
\@namedef{color@2}{green!40}
\@namedef{color@3}{blue!40}
\@namedef{color@4}{cyan!40}
\@namedef{color@5}{magenta!40}
\@namedef{color@6}{yellow!40}
\newcommand{\graphitemize}[2]{%
\begin{tikzpicture}[every node/.style={align=center}]
\node[minimum size=4cm,circle,fill=gray!40,font=\Large,outer sep =.25cm,inner sep=.5cm](ce){#1};
\foreach \gritem [count=\xi] in {#2} {\global\let\maxgritem\xi}
\foreach \gritem [count=\xi] in {#2}
{%
\pgfmathtruncatemacro{\angle}{360/\maxgritem*\xi}
\edef\col{\@nameuse{color@\xi}}
\node[circle,
ultra thick,
draw=white,
fill opacity=.5,
fill=\col,outer sep=0.25cm,
minimum size=2cm] (satellite-\xi) at (\angle:5cm) {\gritem };
\draw[line width=0.5cm,->,\col] (ce) -- (satellite-\xi);
}%
\end{tikzpicture}
}%
\begin{document}
\graphitemize{Discipline}{Love,Trust,Self-\\control,Journey,Obedience}
\graphitemize{Mathématiques}{Algèbre,Géométrie,Analyse}
\end{document}
You could set up your own axes and use scopes
to restrict the lines:
\documentclass[parskip]{scrartcl}
\usepackage[margin=15mm]{geometry}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usetikzlibrary{arrows}
\begin{document}
\begin{tikzpicture}[x={(0.966cm,0.259cm)},y={(-0.966cm,0.259cm)},z={(0.259cm,0.966cm)}]
\draw[->] (-2,-2,-2) -- node[fill=white] {x} ++ (2,0,0);
\draw[->] (-2,-2,-2) -- node[fill=white] {y} ++ (0,2,0);
\draw[->] (-2,-2,-2) -- node[fill=white] {z} ++ (0,0,2);
\begin{scope}
\clip (0,3,0) -- (0,3,5) -- (0,10,5) -- (0,10,0) -- cycle;
\draw[thick] (2.5,8,2.5) -- (2.5,3,2.5);
\end{scope}
\fill[opacity=0.5,blue] (0,3,0) -- (5,3,0) -- (5,3,5) -- (0,3,5) -- cycle;
\shade[ball color=red] (2.5,1.5,2.5) circle (1.5*1cm);
\fill[opacity=0.5,blue] (0,0,0) -- (5,0,0) -- (5,0,5) -- (0,0,5) -- cycle;
\begin{scope}
\clip (0,0,0) -- (2.5,0,0) -- (2.5,0,5) -- (2.5,3,5) -- (0,3,5) -- (0,3,0) -- cycle;
\draw[thick, dashed] (2.5,8,2.5) -- (2.5,0,2.5);
\end{scope}
\draw[thick] (2.5,0,2.5) -- (2.5,-5,2.5);
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}

Best Answer
Definitely not perfect in any respect but anyway...