You may better use aligned
:
\documentclass[11pt,a4paper]{article}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsthm}
\begin{document}
\begin{equation}
\begin{aligned}
\frac{I}{Z} &= 12+\frac{7}{Z}\;[eV], && Z<13 \\
\frac{I}{Z} &= 9.76+58.8Z^{-1.19}\;[eV], && Z\geq13
\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
\end{document}
The calculations are a bit different so they are not always same but the reason why the spacing is so bad in your example is that you should never have a blank line before a display math. The visible space is not (to TeX) a vertical space but a spurious extra paragraph with just an indentation box and parfillskip glue and no text making a blank line in addition to the intended space.
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\begin{document}
Long Text, Text, Text, Text, Text, Text, Text, Text, Text, Text, Text, Text, Text, Text, Text
\begin{align}
1+1=2
\end{align}
Again a long text, Text, Text, Text, Text, Text, Text, Text, Text, Text, Text, Text, Text, Text, Text
\begin{equation}
1+1=2
\end{equation}
Another Text, Text, Text, Text, Text, Text, Text, Text, Text, Text, Text, Text, Text, Text, Text
\end{document}
equation
uses two possible spaces \abovedisplayskip
and \abovediplayshortskip
depending on whether there is an overlap between the last row of the previous para and the equation. As far as I recall align
doesn't do that (as essentially it's always full width internally even if visually smaller) you can stop equation closing up small cases with
\begin{document}
\abovedisplayshortskip=\abovedisplayskip
Or perhaps better if you want all displays to use a consistent AMS style, use gather
instead of equation
Best Answer
You can, but you won't save much space. Here is an example with
\mathrlap
frommathtools
(needless to loadamsmath
). I also simplified your code, and added another solution, which looks better, in my opinion: