The multicol environment is not designed to support column floats. The concept of balancing makes this next to impossible to automatically provide correct results in the general case and therefore I decided not to extend multicolin this direction for 2e.
For example, with multicol you can change the number of columns mid-page, how should that reflect on float placements, given that TeX can't re-break prargraphs so that they flow around floats that then not fit the column width any longer.
For the less general case, e.g., fixed 2-column layout with only a little bit of balancing, one could probably extend multicol to support this, but it would then break in the more generic cases, and as I said it isn't there.
Update
Having said the above, I couldn't resist the challenge to implement at least a trivial implementation of this. The idea is simple: we offer a command that takes 3 arguments: a page number, a column number, and a float body, e.g.
\multicolfloat{1}{2}{\centering
\includegraphics{cat.eps}
\captionof{figure}{A test}
}
The above is using \captionof from the caption package as this isn't really a float so \caption would complain unless it gets modified which I didn't do.
This command can be used inside a multicols environment and asks for this float to be placed on top column 2 on page 1. So a lot of manual work if the amount of text is changing or the multicols environment is moved. This could be done differently and better, but that is more than I had time for.
So here is the code and a test file, a mixture of patching some hooks into multicol and implementing the new functionality as a LaTeX3 property list.
\begin{filecontents}{multicol-floats.sty}
% Author Frank Mittelbach, 2012, License LPPL
%
% Providing column floats for multicol (proto-type implementation)
%
% Document Interface:
%
% \multicolfloat <page-num> <col-num> <float-body>
%
% To be used inside a multicols environment.
% Can only place floats on full pages not balanced pages.
% Should probably be an environment but didn't do that this time around.
%
% Subject to change and ... No support :-)
\RequirePackage{etoolbox}
\RequirePackageWithOptions{multicol}
% Patching multicol to get a few hooks in as needed
\patchcmd{\multi@column@out}%
{\setbox\count@ \vsplit\@cclv to\dimen@}%
{\create@split@column \count@ \dimen@}%
{\typeout{*** SUCCESS ***}}{\typeout{*** FAIL ***}}
\patchcmd{\multi@column@out}
{\setbox\mult@rightbox \vsplit\@cclv to\dimen@}
{\create@split@column \mult@rightbox \dimen@}
{\typeout{*** SUCCESS ***}}{\typeout{*** FAIL ***}}
\patchcmd\endmulticols
{\output}{\mc@check@unset@floats\output}
{\typeout{*** SUCCESS ***}}{\typeout{*** FAIL ***}}
\newcount\mc@column
\patchcmd\process@cols
{\relax}{\relax\mc@column\@ne}
{\typeout{*** SUCCESS ***}}{\typeout{*** FAIL ***}}
\patchcmd\process@cols
{\advance}{\advance\mc@column\@ne\advance}
{\typeout{*** SUCCESS ***}}{\typeout{*** FAIL ***}}
% Implementation of new functionality
\RequirePackage{xparse}
\ExplSyntaxOn
\DeclareDocumentCommand \multicolfloat { m m m }
{
\mc_float:nnn {#1} {#2} {#3}
}
% Implementation
\cs_generate_variant:Nn \prop_gpop:NnNT { NxNT }
\cs_generate_variant:Nn \prop_get:NnNTF { NxNTF }
\prop_new:N \__g_mc_float_prop
\tl_new:N \__l_mc_float_tl
\cs_new:Npn \mc_float:nnn #1#2#3 {
% safe a float body under the property key "page,col"
% if there already exist a float, combine them
\prop_get:NxNTF \__g_mc_float_prop {#1,#2} \__l_mc_float_tl
{
\prop_gput:Nno \__g_mc_float_prop {#1,#2}
{\__l_mc_float_tl
\vskip \floatsep
\vbox{\hsize\columnwidth #3}
}
}
{
\prop_gput:Nnn \__g_mc_float_prop {#1,#2}
{\vbox{\hsize\columnwidth #3}}
}
}
\cs_new:Npn \create@split@column #1#2 {
% look up any saved floats for current page and current column and if they exist
% add them to the to the top of box 255 and then split off a column
\prop_gpop:NxNT \__g_mc_float_prop
{\thepage, \the\mc@column }
\__l_mc_float_tl
{
\vbox_set:Nn \c_two_hundred_fifty_five
{ \__l_mc_float_tl
\vskip \textfloatsep
\vbox_unpack_clear:N \c_two_hundred_fifty_five
}
}
\vbox_set_split_to_ht:NNn #1 \c_two_hundred_fifty_five {#2}
}
\cs_new:Npn \mc@check@unset@floats {
% if the property list is not empty we haven't typeset all floats for some reason
% give error message and a display of the property list content (crude ... but there you go)
\prop_if_empty:NF \__g_mc_float_prop
{ \PackageError{xmulticol}{Unset~ column~ floats,~ details~ below}
{ }
\prop_show:N \__g_mc_float_prop
\prop_gclear:N \__g_mc_float_prop
}
}
\ExplSyntaxOff
\end{filecontents}
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{lipsum,caption,graphicx}
\usepackage{multicol-floats}
\begin{document}
\begin{multicols}{2}
\multicolfloat{1}{1}{TEST 1-1}
\multicolfloat{1}{2}{\centering
\includegraphics{cat.eps}
\captionof{figure}{A test}
}
\multicolfloat{1}{2}{TEST \captionof{figure}{Another test}}
\multicolfloat{2}{1}{TEST 2-1}
\lipsum %\lipsum
\end{multicols}
\end{document}
As a result one gets the following output on the first page with the three floats placed in column one and two:
With only one \lipsum in the test file, the multicols ends on the next page and thus the float for page 2 column one isn't typeset and we get the following error message as well:
! Package xmulticol Error: Unset column floats, details below.
See the xmulticol package documentation for explanation.
Type H <return> for immediate help.
...
l.136 \end{multicols}
?
The property list \__g_mc_float_prop contains the pairs (without outer
braces):
> {2,1} => {\vbox {\hsize \columnwidth TEST 2-1}}.
<recently read> }
l.136 \end{multicols}
Not really great :-) but then this is just a proto-type anyway. In fact, if a multicols environment starts in the middle of a page then the float will appear on the top of the column of the multicol not at the top of the page. After all, the column sizes might differ, So that is rather a feature not a bug ... hey anything on this is a feature as I said totally unsupported in this shape --- enjoy nevertheless
You're overcomplicating things. You don't need floats (figure) and \caption.
Adjust the definition of \problem to suit.
Note that I didn't load graphicx because I don't have your images. Load it and, of course, remove the bogus definition of \includegraphics I added just for the example.
\documentclass[11pt,twocolumn]{article}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\usepackage[includehead,top=2mm,bottom=1.5cm,hmargin=1.5cm,headheight=26pt]{geometry}
\usepackage{fancyhdr}
\pagestyle{fancy}
\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt}
\fancyhf{}
\fancyhead[L]{\bfseries Name: \\ Date: }
\fancyhead[R]{\bfseries 6th Grade Math \\ }
\setlength{\parindent}{0in}
\newcommand{\problem}[2]{#1\par\nopagebreak\medskip#2\par\bigskip}
%%% just for this example
\newcommand{\includegraphics}[2][]{\rule{.3\columnwidth}{2cm}}
\begin{document}
\problem{1) Find the area.}
{\includegraphics[scale=.9]{/var/www/asymptote/pdf/parallelogram_a_3_1.pdf}}
\problem{2) Find the area.}
{\includegraphics[scale=.9]{/var/www/asymptote/pdf/parallelogram_a_3_4.pdf}}
\problem{3) Find the area.}
{\includegraphics[scale=.9]{/var/www/asymptote/pdf/parallelogram_a_3_4.pdf}}
\problem{4) Find the area.}
{\includegraphics[scale=.9]{/var/www/asymptote/pdf/parallelogram_a_3_4.pdf}}
\problem{5) Find the area.}
{\includegraphics[scale=.9]{/var/www/asymptote/pdf/parallelogram_a_3_4.pdf}}
\problem{6) Find the area.}
{\includegraphics[scale=.9]{/var/www/asymptote/pdf/parallelogram_a_3_4.pdf}}
\problem{7) Find the area.}
{\includegraphics[scale=.9]{/var/www/asymptote/pdf/parallelogram_a_3_4.pdf}}
\problem{8) Find the area.}
{\includegraphics[scale=.9]{/var/www/asymptote/pdf/parallelogram_a_3_4.pdf}}
\problem{9) Find the area.}
{\includegraphics[scale=.9]{/var/www/asymptote/pdf/parallelogram_a_3_4.pdf}}
\end{document}
Best Answer
In normal circumstance is not allowed to have figures over two column on the bottom of the first page (due to information about article, which are usually as footnote at bottom of the first column). If you still like to have figure there, you can help yourself by using of the
stfloatspackage: