[Tex/LaTex] Missing Fonts on OSX

Question

I appear to have absolutely nothing but this ugly default font and a few common styles from the Palatino family.

I'm a newbie at LaTeX, so I hope you can bear with me. But I'm running Mac OS 10.7.5 with TeX Live. I'm using XSLT to compose my .tex file, and I can access Palatino by inserting \usepackage{palatino}.

The listing here suggests that Palatino is supposed to have its own styles for both small caps and old style numbering – and that LaTeX should support dozens more font families – but for the life of me I can't obtain any of these in my output PDF.

It would seem that I need to install a whole bunch of fonts, but now I'm just groping in the dark. Please help!

Example 1: Missing Small Caps in Palatino

My small-caps are simulated by scaling the full-caps glyphs; they're apparently not the separate font style listed for Palatino. This produces unbalanced text weight. (See http://theworldsgreatestbook.com/book-design-part-5/.)

This becomes obvious if I alternate between small-cap letter and explicitly scaled full-cap letter. They are 100% identical:

\documentclass[12pt]{book}
\usepackage{palatino}
\usepackage{fix-cm}
\def\switchcaps{\fontsize{8pt}{12pt}\selectfont}
\begin{document}
\fontsize{10pt}{12pt}\selectfont
\textsc{a}{\switchcaps{A}}\textsc{b}{\switchcaps{B}}\textsc{c}{\switchcaps{C}}\textsc{n}{\switchcaps{N}}\textsc{u}{\switchcaps{U}}
\end{document}

Log file: http://pastebin.com/43YHxqkg

Example 2: Missing Oldstyle Numbers in Palatino

When I use \oldstylenums, I get the proper style but in a default font, not in Palatino. I found this as a way to access Palatino's oldstyle numbering directly: [Utilizing oldstyle figures without resorting to \oldstylenums], but it doesn't work.

\documentclass[12pt]{book}
\usepackage{palatino}
\begin{document}
\renewcommand*\rmdefault{pplj}
Testing \textsc{Testing} 0123456789
\end{document}

Log file: http://pastebin.com/8ebHB1EE

Example 3: Missing Font Families (e.g. Day Roman)

Any other font I try is missing altogether. If it compiles at all it resorts to the default font. Here is an example following the "Usage" directions here: http://www.tug.dk/FontCatalogue/dayrom/

\documentclass[12pt]{book}
\renewcommand*\rmdefault{dayrom}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\begin{document}
Testing \textsc{Testing} \oldstylenums{0123456789}
\end{document}

Log file: http://pastebin.com/vj7hgdmf

Answer 1

Problem 1

Use mathpazo rather than palatino, with the sc option:

\documentclass[12pt]{book}
\usepackage[sc]{mathpazo}
\def\switchcaps{\fontsize{8pt}{12pt}\selectfont}
\begin{document}
\fontsize{10pt}{12pt}\selectfont
\textsc{a}{\switchcaps{A}}%
\textsc{b}{\switchcaps{B}}%
\textsc{c}{\switchcaps{C}}%
\textsc{n}{\switchcaps{N}}%
\textsc{u}{\switchcaps{U}}
\end{document}

Problem 2

Use mathpazo rather than palatino, with the option osf (that implies sc)

\documentclass[12pt]{book}
\usepackage[osf]{mathpazo}
\begin{document}
\renewcommand*\rmdefault{pplj}
Testing \textsc{Testing} 0123456789
\end{document}

Problem 3

The dayroman font is not available in TeX Live (hence MacTeX) for licensing reasons. You must install it with the getnonfreefonts-sys utility.

Note that the font lacks small caps old style figures are the default.

\documentclass[12pt]{book}
\renewcommand*\rmdefault{dayrom}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\begin{document}
Testing \textsc{Testing} 0123456789
\end{document}

The log file will have a warning

LaTeX Font Warning: Font shape `T1/dayrom/m/sc' undefined
(Font)              using `T1/dayrom/m/n' instead on input line 5.