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For the y-intercept, a lot of people use the letter $b$, but there is no reference on this. You can refer to your intercept easily as $f(0)$ or name the point $\mathrm{P}(0,f(0))$. A last suggestion would be to type $f(x)\big|_{x = 0}$.
As always, you do have the possibility to define your own symbols and use them in your whole document:
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$\mathfrak{y}$ \> $y$-intercept \\
$\mathfrak{x}$ \> $x$-intercept % just examples, I was surprised by the ugly result...
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Best Answer
If you have access to Unicode fonts there is U+2BBF (⊿) RIGHT TRIANGLE
Otherwise,
picture
mode to the rescue: